{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388732162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","title":"Architecture, flexibility and performance of a special electron linac dedicated to Flash radiotherapy research: electronFlash with a triode gun of the centro pisano flash radiotherapy (CPFR)","display_name":"Architecture, flexibility and performance of a special electron linac dedicated to Flash radiotherapy research: electronFlash with a triode gun of the centro pisano flash radiotherapy (CPFR)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388732162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068666617","display_name":"Fabio Di Martino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-8487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-8487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160382","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05symbg58","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165410","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana","ror":"https://ror.org/05xrcj819","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165410"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Di Martino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy","Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063237440","display_name":"Damiano Del Sarto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-1005","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-1005"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160382","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05symbg58","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Del Sarto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113042265","display_name":"G. Bass","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Bass","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076908010","display_name":"S. Capaccioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4866-8918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4866-8918"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Capaccioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Celentano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160382","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05symbg58","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Celentano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093275171","display_name":"D. Coves","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137660","display_name":"Bergoz Instrumentation (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02xs8bd02","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137660"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Coves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bergoz Instrumentation, Saint-GenisPouilly, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bergoz Instrumentation, Saint-GenisPouilly, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017431079","display_name":"Alexandros Douralis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Douralis","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015750857","display_name":"Marco Marinelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-0982","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-0982"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Marinelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048447569","display_name":"Maurizio Marrale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-3243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-3243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/02pq29p90","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Marrale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Physics and Chemistry \u201cEmilio Segr\u00e8\u201d (DIFC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Chemistry \u201cEmilio Segr\u00e8\u201d (DIFC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043605094","display_name":"Luigi Masturzo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Masturzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076781886","display_name":"G. Milluzzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-0659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-0659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/02pq29p90","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Milluzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054333011","display_name":"Marco Montefiori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2395-6553","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2395-6553","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2080-8519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160382","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05symbg58","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Montefiori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081898778","display_name":"Fabiola Paiar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-5056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-5056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165410","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana","ror":"https://ror.org/05xrcj819","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165410"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Paiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, U. O. Radioterapia Universitaria, Pisa, Italy","Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, U. O. Radioterapia Universitaria, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019477235","display_name":"Jake Harold Pensavalle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2972-6265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2972-6265"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. H. Pensavalle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Pisano Multidisciplinare Sulla Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Della Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112211954","display_name":"L. Raffaele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Raffaele","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali Del SUD (LNS), Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali Del SUD (LNS), Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034192733","display_name":"Francesco ROMANO","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6396"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/02pq29p90","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Romano","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Catania, Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210116497"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060070572","display_name":"Anna Subiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-4631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-4631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Subiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science, Teddington, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078352262","display_name":"E. Touzain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137660","display_name":"Bergoz Instrumentation (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02xs8bd02","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137660"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Touzain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bergoz Instrumentation, Saint-GenisPouilly, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bergoz Instrumentation, Saint-GenisPouilly, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005087196","display_name":"Gianluca Verona-Rinati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1542-9910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1542-9910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Verona Rinati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054878846","display_name":"G. Felici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-3765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-3765"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Felici","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIT Sordina IORT Technologies, Aprilia (LT), Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063237440"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210160382"],"apc_list":{"value":2795,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2795},"apc_paid":{"value":2795,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2795},"fwci":8.3228,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98852104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.7383000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.7383000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.15889999270439148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.060499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-effect","display_name":"FLASH effect","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-radiotherapy","display_name":"FLASH radiotherapy","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-linear-accelerator","display_name":"electron linear accelerator","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-dose-rate","display_name":"high dose rate","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-per-pulse","display_name":"dose per pulse","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-dose-rate","display_name":"ultra-high dose rate","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiobiology","display_name":"radiation biology","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.6810778975486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.64858478307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180048950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836828","display_name":"Linear particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.6441298127174377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123544296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176129","display_name":"Triode","level":4,"score":0.5876078009605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46108362078666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.44238734245300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4344624876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.42798054218292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775908122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3070621","display_name":"External beam radiotherapy","level":4,"score":0.41245874762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3241865038871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.28907644748687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18840941786766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.12522581219673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07342654466629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777416452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q896687","display_name":"Brachytherapy","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:art.torvergata.it:2108/362883","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2108/362883","pdf_url":"https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/362883/1/fphy-11-1268310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400993","display_name":"Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","host_organization_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unipa.it:10447/665287","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447/665287","pdf_url":"https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/665287/2/fphy-11-1268310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401065","display_name":"Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1225598","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1225598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8bd5d906f044eb19973ba360675312c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8bd5d906f044eb19973ba360675312c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics, Vol 11 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1268310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1175833541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"134/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309727","funder_display_name":"Fondazione Pisa"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309727","display_name":"Fondazione Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnab13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388732162.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388732162.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038739812","https://openalex.org/W2342213753","https://openalex.org/W2805362264","https://openalex.org/W2936488270","https://openalex.org/W2946753897","https://openalex.org/W2998202461","https://openalex.org/W3009918684","https://openalex.org/W3045635238","https://openalex.org/W3091236629","https://openalex.org/W3097813727","https://openalex.org/W3103453405","https://openalex.org/W3112195456","https://openalex.org/W3128662756","https://openalex.org/W3163147977","https://openalex.org/W3164759713","https://openalex.org/W3174141831","https://openalex.org/W3194980526","https://openalex.org/W3202521736","https://openalex.org/W4200505889","https://openalex.org/W4206272091","https://openalex.org/W4207032892","https://openalex.org/W4214706018","https://openalex.org/W4223440001","https://openalex.org/W4223463822","https://openalex.org/W4281965185","https://openalex.org/W4285798399","https://openalex.org/W4290960700","https://openalex.org/W4293334843","https://openalex.org/W4306784485","https://openalex.org/W4308742992","https://openalex.org/W4313500144","https://openalex.org/W4319164470","https://openalex.org/W4322503497","https://openalex.org/W4366742789","https://openalex.org/W4367301480","https://openalex.org/W4376121919","https://openalex.org/W4377286881","https://openalex.org/W4382404712","https://openalex.org/W4386945542","https://openalex.org/W4387876532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394615887","https://openalex.org/W3097813727","https://openalex.org/W4402705753","https://openalex.org/W6987735563","https://openalex.org/W4386944987","https://openalex.org/W6925733938","https://openalex.org/W4205840631","https://openalex.org/W7221068041","https://openalex.org/W7154705612","https://openalex.org/W4313435496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47,220],"FLASH":[1,48,137,195,230,270,300],"effect":[2,49,93,138],"is":[3,50,126,223],"a":[4,62,178,188,208,217,294],"radiobiological":[5,89,151,307],"phenomenon":[6],"that":[7],"has":[8],"garnered":[9],"considerable":[10],"interest":[11],"in":[12,86,235,268],"the":[13,38,43,53,56,88,102,113,130,136,144,147,156,182,200,227,245,249,260,264,269,275,281,299],"clinical":[14,131,316],"field.":[15],"Pre-clinical":[16],"experimental":[17],"studies":[18],"have":[19],"highlighted":[20],"its":[21,84,95,305,315],"potential":[22,85],"to":[23,128,143,293],"reduce":[24],"side":[25],"effects":[26],"on":[27,33,284,304],"healthy":[28],"tissues":[29],"while":[30],"maintaining":[31],"isoeffectiveness":[32],"tumor":[34],"tissues,":[35],"thus":[36],"widening":[37],"therapeutic":[39,58],"window":[40],"and":[41,94,109,133,160,172,184,212,215,309],"enhancing":[42],"effectiveness":[44],"of":[45,55,101,122,135,149,158,164,181,187,251,259,263,277,298],"radiotherapy.":[46],"achieved":[51],"through":[52],"administration":[54],"complete":[57],"radiation":[59,103,166,265],"dose":[60,76],"within":[61,112],"brief":[63],"time":[64],"frame,":[65],"shorter":[66],"than":[67],"200":[68],"milliseconds,":[69],"and,":[70],"therefore,":[71],"utilizing":[72],"remarkably":[73],"high":[74,170],"average":[75,110],"rates":[77],"above":[78],"at":[79,226],"least":[80],"40":[81],"Gy/s.":[82],"Despite":[83],"radiotherapy,":[87],"mechanisms":[90,125],"governing":[91],"this":[92,204,239],"quantitative":[96,150,278],"relationship":[97],"with":[98,168],"temporal":[99,261],"parameters":[100,262],"beam,":[104],"such":[105],"as":[106],"dose-rate,":[107],"dose-per-pulse,":[108],"dose-rate":[111],"pulse,":[114],"remain":[115],"inadequately":[116],"elucidated.":[117],"A":[118],"more":[119,295],"profound":[120],"comprehension":[121],"these":[123,272,285],"underlying":[124],"imperative":[127],"optimize":[129],"application":[132],"translation":[134],"into":[139],"routine":[140],"practice.":[141],"Due":[142],"aforementioned":[145],"factors,":[146],"undertaking":[148],"investigations":[152],"becomes":[153],"imperative,":[154],"necessitating":[155],"utilization":[157],"sophisticated":[159],"adaptable":[161],"apparatus":[162],"capable":[163],"generating":[165],"beams":[167],"exceedingly":[169],"dose-rates":[171],"dose-per-pulse":[173],"characteristics.":[174],"This":[175,288],"study":[176,240],"presents":[177,241],"comprehensive":[179,296],"account":[180],"design":[183],"operational":[185,225],"capabilities":[186],"Linear":[189],"Accelerator":[190],"(LINAC)":[191],"explicitly":[192],"tailored":[193],"for":[194,313],"radiotherapy":[196],"research":[197],"purposes.":[198],"Termed":[199],"\u201cElectronFlash\u201d":[201],"(EF)":[202],"LINAC,":[203],"specialized":[205],"system":[206],"employs":[207],"low-energy":[209],"configuration":[210],"(7":[211],"9":[213],"MeV)":[214],"incorporates":[216],"triode":[218],"gun.":[219],"EF":[221],"LINAC":[222],"currently":[224],"Centro":[228],"Pisano":[229],"Radiotherapy":[231],"(CPFR)":[232],"facility":[233],"located":[234],"Pisa,":[236],"Italy.":[237],"Lastly,":[238],"specific":[242,286],"instances":[243],"exemplifying":[244],"LINAC\u2019s":[246],"adaptability,":[247],"enabling":[248,256],"execution":[250],"hitherto":[252],"unprecedented":[253],"experiments.":[254],"By":[255],"independent":[257],"variations":[258],"beam":[266],"implicated":[267],"effect,":[271,301],"experiments":[273],"facilitate":[274],"acquisition":[276],"data":[279],"concerning":[280],"effect\u2019s":[282],"dependence":[283],"parameters.":[287],"novel":[289],"approach":[290],"hopefully":[291],"contributes":[292],"understanding":[297],"shedding":[302],"light":[303],"intricate":[306],"behavior":[308],"offering":[310],"valuable":[311],"insights":[312],"optimizing":[314],"implementation.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-11-17T00:00:00"}