{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388685686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","title":"\"Nonlocality-of-a-single-photon\" based Quantum Key Distribution and Random Number Generation schemes and their device-independent security analysis","display_name":"\"Nonlocality-of-a-single-photon\" based Quantum Key Distribution and Random Number Generation schemes and their device-independent security analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388685686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-04-28-2084/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-04-28-2084/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050622449","display_name":"Konrad Schlichtholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-7373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-7373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40413290","display_name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","ror":"https://ror.org/011dv8m48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Schlichtholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-7373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045538849","display_name":"Bianka Wo\u0142oncewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-9146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-9146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40413290","display_name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","ror":"https://ror.org/011dv8m48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bianka Woloncewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019280912","display_name":"Tamoghna Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-6720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-6720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40413290","display_name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","ror":"https://ror.org/011dv8m48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}],"countries":["IN","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamoghna Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India","International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-6720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marcin Markiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40413290","display_name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","ror":"https://ror.org/011dv8m48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122744","display_name":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/037p52j25","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122744","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Markiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Ba\u0142tycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Ba\u0142tycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122744","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036398885","display_name":"Marek \u017bukowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7882-7962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7882-7962"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40413290","display_name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","ror":"https://ror.org/011dv8m48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek \u017bukowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7882-7962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies (ICTQT), University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40413290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":6.7901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94737236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"2084","last_page":"2084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-independent-quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"device-independent quantum key distribution","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-independent-randomness-generation","display_name":"device-independent randomness generation","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardy-s-inequality","display_name":"Hardy inequality","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clauser-horne-inequality","display_name":"Clauser-Horne inequality","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-testing","display_name":"self-testing","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-random-number-generators","display_name":"quantum random number generators","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-rate","display_name":"key rate","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8660763502120972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8608068227767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.7572115659713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.6305649280548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128108043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388525","display_name":"Bell's theorem","level":4,"score":0.5911357998847961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5592035055160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.504480242729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4678284525871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4567580819129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4560541808605194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19819980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947542","display_name":"Beam splitter","level":3,"score":0.43412110209465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4246717691421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4185871481895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4103164076805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3920469880104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.35705113410949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34746813774108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.2547144293785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.18757450580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17460715770721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1632767915725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15782037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-04-28-2084/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.07451","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07451","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.07451","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:931d01f666424c769723110e390400d0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/931d01f666424c769723110e390400d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 10, p 2084 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.07451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.07451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.07451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-28-2084","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-04-28-2084/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2242697050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FENG.02.01\u2010IP.05\u20100006/23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","funder_display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G26886609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/MAB/5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G442103306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FENG.02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","funder_display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G57182573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","funder_display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7569305816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/MAB/5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","funder_display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","ror":"https://ror.org/048zd9m77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388685686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388685686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501308070","https://openalex.org/W1508777461","https://openalex.org/W1709784975","https://openalex.org/W1758846674","https://openalex.org/W1967872567","https://openalex.org/W1976891622","https://openalex.org/W1983127118","https://openalex.org/W1986293140","https://openalex.org/W1999703992","https://openalex.org/W2000985364","https://openalex.org/W2009036463","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2015914132","https://openalex.org/W2016085586","https://openalex.org/W2035228018","https://openalex.org/W2047020794","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2051510456","https://openalex.org/W2062144277","https://openalex.org/W2067204178","https://openalex.org/W2082202200","https://openalex.org/W2086947442","https://openalex.org/W2119210589","https://openalex.org/W2120903777","https://openalex.org/W2143658945","https://openalex.org/W2144007657","https://openalex.org/W2153584983","https://openalex.org/W2164253138","https://openalex.org/W2290247654","https://openalex.org/W2294498941","https://openalex.org/W2403732950","https://openalex.org/W2494499351","https://openalex.org/W2545834589","https://openalex.org/W2968887537","https://openalex.org/W2995982023","https://openalex.org/W3017122147","https://openalex.org/W3129207228","https://openalex.org/W3197274834","https://openalex.org/W4211058570","https://openalex.org/W4220936934","https://openalex.org/W4221008649","https://openalex.org/W4288052074","https://openalex.org/W4297384674","https://openalex.org/W4389681520","https://openalex.org/W4391694467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073583383","https://openalex.org/W3135857312","https://openalex.org/W4386440216","https://openalex.org/W2992240594","https://openalex.org/W4398223435","https://openalex.org/W4398223491","https://openalex.org/W3209707717","https://openalex.org/W1761341569","https://openalex.org/W7099315310","https://openalex.org/W3031090251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,38,63,198],"question":[1],"of":[2,4,67,143,181,208,214,222,250,277,282],"\u201cnon-locality":[3],"a":[5,11,21,41,124,179,182,206,215,251,262,283,288],"single":[6,42,153],"photon'',":[7],"which":[8,57,218,243],"started":[9],"with":[10,247],"paper":[12],"by":[13,87,99,149,231],"Tan,":[14],"Walls":[15],"and":[16,65,76,108,163,189,279],"Collett":[17],"(TWC,":[18],"1991)":[19],"stirred":[20],"thirty":[22],"years":[23],"long":[24],"debate.":[25],"This":[26],"hampered":[27],"attempts":[28],"to":[29,50,260],"use":[30],"the":[31,94,100,110,113,140,144,152,167,187,209,223,232,238,248,270,275],"TWC":[32],"interferometric":[33],"scheme":[34,39,131],"in":[35],"quantum":[36,128,264,284],"cryptography.":[37],"involves":[40],"photon":[43],"50-50":[44,289],"beam-split":[45],"into":[46,211],"two":[47,51],"modes":[48],"propagating":[49],"spatially":[52],"separated":[53],"observation":[54],"stations":[55],"at":[56,160],"weak":[58,101,191],"homodyne":[59,192],"measurements":[60,150,193],"are":[61,147],"made.":[62],"physics":[64],"non-classicality":[66],"such":[68],"an":[69,80],"arrangement":[70],"has":[71],"been":[72],"understood":[73],"only":[74,230],"recently,":[75],"points":[77,213],"out":[78],"that":[79,155,273],"unquestionable":[81],"Bell":[82,184],"non-classicality,":[83],"as":[84,194],"was":[85],"suggested":[86],"Hardy":[88],"(1994),":[89],"can":[90],"be":[91],"observed":[92],"when":[93],"local":[95,102,196],"measurement":[96],"settings":[97,159],"differ":[98],"oscillator":[103],"being":[104],"on":[105,114,120,151,188,205,269,287],"or":[106],"off,":[107],"additionally":[109],"homodyning":[111],"for":[112,157,173,220,226],"case":[115],"is":[116,156,169,203,241,244],"not":[117],"balanced.":[118],"Based":[119],"that,":[121],"we":[122],"present":[123],"single-photon":[125],"based":[126,204,268],"device-independent":[127],"key":[129,146,239],"distribution":[130],"secure":[132],"even":[133],"against":[134],"no-signaling":[135,216,233],"eavesdropping.":[136],"In":[137],"our":[138],"protocol":[139],"random":[141,265],"bits":[142],"cryptographic":[145],"obtained":[148],"photon,":[154],"off":[158,190],"both":[161],"Alice":[162],"Bob":[164],"sides,":[165],"while":[166],"security":[168,199],"positively":[170],"tested":[171],"if":[172],"eavesdropping":[174,228],"testing":[175],"runs":[176],"one":[177],"observes":[178],"violation":[180,249],"specific":[183,252],"inequality":[185],"involving":[186],"alternative":[195],"settings.":[197],"analysis":[200,259],"presented":[201],"here":[202],"decomposition":[207],"correlations":[210],"extreme":[212],"polytope,":[217],"allows":[219],"identification":[221],"optimal":[224],"strategy":[225],"any":[227],"constrained":[229],"principle.":[234],"For":[235],"this":[236,258],"strategy,":[237],"rate":[240],"calculated,":[242],"then":[245],"connected":[246],"Clauser-Horne":[253],"inequality.":[254],"We":[255],"also":[256],"adapt":[257],"propose":[261],"self-testing":[263],"number":[266],"generator":[267],"old":[271],"idea":[272],"employs":[274],"randomness":[276],"reflection":[278],"transmission":[280],"events":[281],"light":[285],"impinged":[286],"beamsplitter.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2023-11-15T00:00:00"}
