{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388312650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","title":"No Duty to Retreat","display_name":"No Duty to Retreat","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388312650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104084591","display_name":"Richard Maxwell Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Maxwell Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104084591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53051742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.33149999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.33149999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.26460000872612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-to-retreat","display_name":"duty to retreat","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-defense","display_name":"self-defense","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stand-your-ground","display_name":"stand your ground","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-law","display_name":"common law","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-self-defense","display_name":"right of self-defense","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-culture","display_name":"gun culture","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vigilantism","display_name":"vigilantism","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-industrial-society","display_name":"post-industrial society","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-and-society","display_name":"crime and society","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-criminal-law","display_name":"United States criminal law","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.7594995498657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.7263748049736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.6217954754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5605918765068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520311","display_name":"Violent crime","level":2,"score":0.42475101351737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4182506203651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.39082908630371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3328557014465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.32941320538520813}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045109.001.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001446297","https://openalex.org/W4316084123","https://openalex.org/W2593997838","https://openalex.org/W2587091888","https://openalex.org/W4232045035","https://openalex.org/W4388312634","https://openalex.org/W2891499688","https://openalex.org/W2526072647","https://openalex.org/W2616863899","https://openalex.org/W3200270636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"No":[1],"Duty":[2],"to":[3,30,49,104],"Retreat":[4],"takes":[5],"as":[6,82],"its":[7],"starting-point":[8],"the":[9,16,28,57,80,93,99,130,134,139,142],"increased":[10],"popularity":[11],"in":[12,41,43,68,90,92,120,125],"American":[13,81],"society":[14,119],"of":[15,141],"old":[17],"English":[18],"common-law":[19],"concept":[20],"that":[21,129],"a":[22,69,77,86,112],"person":[23],"under":[24],"physical":[25],"attack":[26],"has":[27,136,146],"right":[29],"stand":[31],"his":[32,39,60],"ground,":[33],"defend":[34],"himself,":[35],"and":[36,111,118,151],"even":[37],"kill":[38],"assailant":[40],"self-defence":[42],"certain":[44],"circumstances.":[45],"This":[46],"doctrine":[47],"came":[48],"public":[50],"awareness":[51],"recently":[52],"when":[53,63,95],"Berhard":[54],"Goetz":[55],"took":[56],"law":[58],"into":[59],"own":[61],"hands":[62],"assaulted":[64],"by":[65],"four":[66],"youths":[67],"New":[70],"York":[71],"City":[72],"subway":[73],"train.":[74],"There":[75],"is":[76],"chapter":[78,114],"on":[79,85],"gunfighter,":[83],"another":[84],"famous":[87],"vigilante":[88],"case":[89],"California":[91],"1870s,":[94],"farmers":[96],"retaliated":[97],"against":[98],"Southern":[100],"Pacific":[101],"Railroad":[102],"trying":[103],"move":[105],"them":[106],"off":[107],"their":[108],"lands":[109],",":[110],"long":[113],"discussing":[115],"`crime,":[116],"law,":[117],"America":[121],"since":[122,133],"1930":[123],"\u2018,":[124],"which":[126,145],"Brown":[127],"shows":[128],"crime":[131],"surge":[132],"1950s":[135],"occurred":[137],"with":[138],"emergence":[140],"Post-Industrial":[143],"Society,":[144],"left":[147],"many":[148],"people":[149],"alienated":[150],"looking":[152],"for":[153],"quick":[154],"solutions.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2023-11-04T00:00:00"}
