{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388301643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","title":"The Utilization of Muara Badak Sand and Palm Kernel Shell in The Mixture for Paving Blocks","display_name":"The Utilization of Muara Badak Sand and Palm Kernel Shell in The Mixture for Paving Blocks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388301643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jft/article/download/20461/11274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231306","display_name":"Fondasi Jurnal Teknik Sipil","issn_l":"2302-4976","issn":["2302-4976","2503-1511"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315155","host_organization_name":"Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fondasi : Jurnal Teknik Sipil","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jft/article/download/20461/11274","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068196847","display_name":"Santi Yatnikasari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200382","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","ror":"https://ror.org/04wb5nh51","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santi Yatnikasari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andi Wadaryanto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200382","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","ror":"https://ror.org/04wb5nh51","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andi Wadaryanto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087301663","display_name":"Adde Currie Siregar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200382","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","ror":"https://ror.org/04wb5nh51","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adde Currie Siregar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113038952","display_name":"Fitriyani Agustina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200382","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","ror":"https://ror.org/04wb5nh51","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fitriyani Agustina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2244,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53133325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"184","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.8276000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.8276000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.11990000307559967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paving-stones","display_name":"paving blocks","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-utilization","display_name":"waste utilization","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-lots","display_name":"parking lots","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-waste","display_name":"oil palm waste","score":0.49799999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777021569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128104","display_name":"Palm kernel","level":3,"score":0.8560382127761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.733130693435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988237154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231458","display_name":"Palm oil","level":2,"score":0.7208096981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159341","display_name":"Mold","level":2,"score":0.5704736709594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94598645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2347874","display_name":"Palm","level":2,"score":0.5610466599464417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.5591598153114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5419713854789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5132358074188232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.48324641585350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.46813496947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778814971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960534","display_name":"Palm kernel oil","level":3,"score":0.45431020855903625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.4371715188026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4017474055290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11106923222541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jft/article/download/20461/11274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231306","display_name":"Fondasi Jurnal Teknik Sipil","issn_l":"2302-4976","issn":["2302-4976","2503-1511"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315155","host_organization_name":"Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fondasi : Jurnal Teknik Sipil","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20461","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jft/article/download/20461/11274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231306","display_name":"Fondasi Jurnal Teknik Sipil","issn_l":"2302-4976","issn":["2302-4976","2503-1511"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315155","host_organization_name":"Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fondasi : Jurnal Teknik Sipil","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388301643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388301643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W606207359","https://openalex.org/W1902614408","https://openalex.org/W2117209642","https://openalex.org/W2592299463","https://openalex.org/W2593731312","https://openalex.org/W2742742399","https://openalex.org/W2938266526","https://openalex.org/W3021302808","https://openalex.org/W3161220430","https://openalex.org/W3214793438","https://openalex.org/W4200589993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414342365","https://openalex.org/W3116843852","https://openalex.org/W7221713653","https://openalex.org/W4399517874","https://openalex.org/W2796159471","https://openalex.org/W4387683050","https://openalex.org/W4404732353","https://openalex.org/W4214558144","https://openalex.org/W2906802581","https://openalex.org/W4401466624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Paving":[0],"block":[1],"is":[2,59,93,198],"a":[3,9,103,164,170,174,193],"building":[4],"material":[5],"composition":[6],"made":[7],"from":[8,46,61,138],"mixture":[10],"of":[11,32,43,49,75,87,106,128,136,152,176,195],"portland":[12],"cement":[13],"or":[14,22],"other":[15,24],"hydraulic":[16],"adhesives,":[17],"water":[18],"and":[19,52,113,120,169,203],"aggregate":[20],"with":[21,102,126,154,173,192],"without":[23],"additives":[25],"which":[26],"do":[27],"not":[28],"reduce":[29],"the":[30,33,40,47,85,155,189],"quality":[31,180],"concrete.":[34],"This":[35,90],"study":[36],"aims":[37],"to":[38],"analyze":[39],"compressive":[41,146],"strength":[42,147],"paving":[44,88,100],"blocks":[45,101],"utilization":[48],"local":[50],"sand":[51,119],"palm":[53,67,70,121,139],"shell":[54,57,123,140],"waste.":[55],"Palm":[56],"waste":[58,76,125,141],"obtained":[60],"PT.":[62],"Tapian":[63],"Nadenggan":[64],"who":[65],"processes":[66],"oil":[68,122],"into":[69],"oil.":[71],"The":[72,134],"large":[73],"amount":[74],"can":[77,182,204],"be":[78,183,205],"used":[79,184,206],"as":[80,179],"an":[81,94,144],"added":[82],"ingredient":[83],"in":[84,143,200],"manufacture":[86],"blocks.":[89],"research":[91],"method":[92],"experimental":[95],"research,":[96],"by":[97],"making":[98],"hexagon-shaped":[99],"mold":[104],"size":[105],"20":[107],"cm":[108,111,115],"wide,":[109],"12":[110],"side":[112],"6":[114],"thick":[116],"using":[117],"estuary":[118],"ash":[124,137],"variations":[127],"0%,":[129],"25%,":[130],"50%,":[131,159],"75%,":[132],"100%.":[133],"addition":[135],"resulted":[142],"effective":[145],"test":[148],"at":[149,158],"28":[150],"days":[151],"age":[153],"highest":[156],"value":[157,175],"namely":[160,167],"17.64":[161],"MPa,":[162],"then":[163],"25%":[165],"variation,":[166],"17.38%":[168],"75%":[171],"variation":[172,191],"16.03%,":[177],"classified":[178],"B":[181],"for":[185,207],"parking":[186],"lots.":[187],"Meanwhile,":[188],"100%":[190],"yield":[194],"11.03":[196],"MPa":[197],"included":[199],"grade":[201],"D":[202],"garden.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2023-11-04T00:00:00"}