{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388065639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy","display_name":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388065639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes and Ocular Disease","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388065290","display_name":"Diabetes and Ocular Disease"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072258594","display_name":"Tien Yin Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-1264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-1264"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tien y. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061631272","display_name":"Ronald Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-6237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-6237"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061631272","display_name":"Ronald Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-6237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-6237"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara E K Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81237911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"71","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemiology","display_name":"epidemiology","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence","display_name":"incidence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-history-disease","display_name":"natural history (disease)","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.9769999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.8724719285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8001118302345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7296320796012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6518181562423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6384349465370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163276114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484591","display_name":"Natural history","level":2,"score":0.6277515292167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.47319313883781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.41914936900138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.41522645950317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3649901747703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26092207431793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.08923947811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340235.003.0005","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes and Ocular Disease","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2768271113","https://openalex.org/W3022956774","https://openalex.org/W2363073682","https://openalex.org/W3109033744","https://openalex.org/W2041485080","https://openalex.org/W2577618426","https://openalex.org/W3030226170","https://openalex.org/W2198397873","https://openalex.org/W7218092774","https://openalex.org/W1915008606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Epidemiological":[1],"studies":[2],"and":[3,18,23,62,68,74],"clinical":[4],"trials":[5],"over":[6],"the":[7,15,42,60],"past":[8],"25":[9],"years":[10],"have":[11,32],"provided":[12],"data":[13],"on":[14],"prevalence,":[16],"incidence,":[17],"natural":[19],"history":[20],"of":[21,54,65],"retinopathy":[22,50],"its":[24],"associated":[25,47],"risk":[26,63],"factors":[27,64],"[3\u20135].":[28],"Although":[29],"these":[30],"Endings":[31],"been":[33],"used":[34],"to":[35,58,71],"develop":[36],"guidelines":[37],"for":[38],"patient":[39],"care":[40],"around":[41],"world":[43],"[2,6],":[44],"considerable":[45],"morbidity":[46,73],"with":[48],"diabetic":[49,66],"remains.":[51],"The":[52],"purpose":[53],"this":[55],"chapter":[56],"is":[57],"review":[59],"epidemiology":[61],"retinopathy,":[67],"their":[69],"relationship":[70],"systemic":[72],"mortality.":[75]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-11-01T00:00:00"}