{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387975862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","title":"DigitalNizam: Shaping the Future of Pakistani Elections through Secure Field-Programmable Gate Array-Based Voting Solutions","display_name":"DigitalNizam: Shaping the Future of Pakistani Elections through Secure Field-Programmable Gate Array-Based Voting Solutions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387975862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/engproc2023046044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/46/1/44/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407113309","display_name":"International Electrical Engineering Conference (IEEC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/46/1/44/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102571952","display_name":"Areeb Adnan Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133438","display_name":"Habib University","ror":"https://ror.org/030p2g996","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Areeb Adnan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093132052","display_name":"Nimra Sohail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1886-5162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1886-5162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133438","display_name":"Habib University","ror":"https://ror.org/030p2g996","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nimra Sohail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohit Rai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133438","display_name":"Habib University","ror":"https://ror.org/030p2g996","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Rai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075242305","display_name":"Muhammad Farhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-5717","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-5717"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133438","display_name":"Habib University","ror":"https://ror.org/030p2g996","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Farhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Habib Univeristy, Sindh 75290, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075242305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133438"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"44","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13292","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications","score":0.38989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13292","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications","score":0.38989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.36039999127388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.09749999642372131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-machines","display_name":"voting machines","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/election-security","display_name":"election security","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verilog-design","display_name":"Verilog design","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-voting","display_name":"electronic voting","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-consumption","display_name":"low power consumption","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"low latency","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8498691320419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.8175598382949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7565086483955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.6401972770690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.624728262424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4787827730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4757668375968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4751734137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.377750039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3743036985397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3499073088169098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08872786164283752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07771739363670349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/engproc2023046044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/46/1/44/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407113309","display_name":"International Electrical Engineering Conference (IEEC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc3266439122448eb227ca48b10ea3cd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc3266439122448eb227ca48b10ea3cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Proceedings, Vol 46, Iss 1, p 44 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/engproc2023046044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/46/1/44/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407113309","display_name":"International Electrical Engineering Conference (IEEC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.651199996471405,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387975862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387975862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483576155","https://openalex.org/W2186091307","https://openalex.org/W2327216333","https://openalex.org/W2332403258","https://openalex.org/W2954608274","https://openalex.org/W2987585618","https://openalex.org/W3017083006","https://openalex.org/W3176265017","https://openalex.org/W4394471606","https://openalex.org/W4396991171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396991171","https://openalex.org/W6977591207","https://openalex.org/W7140224459","https://openalex.org/W4395090603","https://openalex.org/W4413115120","https://openalex.org/W3201052383","https://openalex.org/W7126102986","https://openalex.org/W7126231580","https://openalex.org/W4410850412","https://openalex.org/W7084050872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"represents":[2],"the":[3,31,52,69,76,89,117,126],"ways":[4],"in":[5,21,36,125],"which":[6,20],"a":[7,43,56,84,113],"secure":[8],"and":[9,71,93,100],"reliable":[10],"voting":[11,61,121],"machine":[12],"could":[13,109],"be":[14,81,110],"implemented":[15,35],"using":[16,68],"hardware":[17],"descriptive":[18],"language,":[19],"this":[22,107],"case":[23],"is":[24,34,42,55,66],"Verilog.":[25],"In":[26,103],"order":[27],"to":[28,80,83,105],"emphasize":[29],"security,":[30],"proposed":[32],"design":[33,108],"two":[37],"ways.":[38],"The":[39],"first":[40],"variant":[41,54],"basic":[44,48],"version":[45],"comprising":[46],"some":[47],"safety":[49],"protocols;":[50],"however,":[51],"subsequent":[53],"safer":[57],"kind":[58],"of":[59,119],"FPGA-based":[60],"machine.":[62],"Furthermore,":[63],"concrete":[64],"illustration":[65],"presented":[67],"Vivado":[70],"Artix-7-based":[72],"FPGA":[73],"Basys-3.":[74],"Finally,":[75],"obtained":[77],"conclusions":[78],"seem":[79],"encouraging":[82],"certain":[85],"extent,":[86],"as,":[87],"evidently,":[88],"system":[90],"provides":[91],"robust":[92],"assured":[94],"voting,":[95],"along":[96],"with":[97],"minimizing":[98],"latency":[99],"power":[101],"consumption.":[102],"addition":[104],"this,":[106],"utilized":[111],"as":[112],"starting":[114],"point":[115],"for":[116],"development":[118],"superior":[120],"systems":[122],"utilizing":[123],"FPGAs":[124],"future.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2023-10-28T00:00:00"}