{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387939003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","title":"Evolving ensembles of heuristics for the travelling salesman problem","display_name":"Evolving ensembles of heuristics for the travelling salesman problem","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387939003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086000818","display_name":"Francisco Javier Gil-Gala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-7009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-7009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Gil-Gala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027293846","display_name":"Marko \u00d0urasevi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8732-4769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8732-4769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039327","display_name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/04e90ca47","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I4390039327"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Durasevi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I4390039327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103203576","display_name":"Mar\u00eda R. Sierra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-5243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-5243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda R. Sierra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066731085","display_name":"Ramiro Varela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-1792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-1792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramiro Varela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques s/n, Gij\u00f3n, 33271, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086000818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.5665,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84898939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"671","last_page":"684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.7660999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.7660999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.22010000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traveling-salesman-problem","display_name":"traveling salesman problem","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyper-heuristics","display_name":"hyper-heuristics","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"genetic programming","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nearest-neighbor-heuristic","display_name":"nearest neighbor heuristic","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispatching-rules","display_name":"dispatching rules","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"greedy algorithm","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"combinatorial optimization","score":0.8360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.887310266494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.7683913707733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7100394368171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103888782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835802","display_name":"Lin\u2013Kernighan heuristic","level":4,"score":0.6989824175834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6462975740432739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5963718295097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5257661938667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5059978365898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.4974413216114044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106472803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291440","display_name":"2-opt","level":3,"score":0.47757723927497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4638656973838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.448554128408432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37251636385917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2950150966644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23663944005966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-023-09968-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7048537238","display_name":"Hyperheuristic Design of Dispatching Rules","funder_award_id":"IP-2019-04-4333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","funder_display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7177383637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-106263RB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","ror":"https://ror.org/03n51vw80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323823","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/003x0zc53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387939003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387939003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46171904","https://openalex.org/W2042986967","https://openalex.org/W2112686410","https://openalex.org/W2119924737","https://openalex.org/W2140003718","https://openalex.org/W2275596639","https://openalex.org/W2344265714","https://openalex.org/W2421912678","https://openalex.org/W2493430091","https://openalex.org/W2770310616","https://openalex.org/W2805454413","https://openalex.org/W2891971415","https://openalex.org/W2947761165","https://openalex.org/W2953681220","https://openalex.org/W2955039938","https://openalex.org/W2974498203","https://openalex.org/W3034697031","https://openalex.org/W3173585049","https://openalex.org/W3185469365","https://openalex.org/W4229458856","https://openalex.org/W4280651928","https://openalex.org/W4285137126","https://openalex.org/W4285224688","https://openalex.org/W4327972610","https://openalex.org/W4360984277","https://openalex.org/W4367294698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285137126","https://openalex.org/W2953681220","https://openalex.org/W4385889776","https://openalex.org/W4285225506","https://openalex.org/W2591041104","https://openalex.org/W2515243915","https://openalex.org/W7056651169","https://openalex.org/W3174800882","https://openalex.org/W4385190079","https://openalex.org/W2023181884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,266],"Travelling":[2],"Salesman":[3],"Problem":[4],"(TSP)":[5],"is":[6,69,74,137,191],"a":[7,21,23,161,174,179,193,204,226,237,241,246,262],"well-known":[8],"optimisation":[9],"problem":[10,111,199,249],"that":[11,285],"has":[12],"been":[13,31],"widely":[14],"studied":[15],"over":[16],"the":[17,34,52,57,64,83,97,115,118,156,185,198,215,223,273,286,291],"last":[18],"century.":[19],"As":[20],"result,":[22],"variety":[24],"of":[25,63,100,102,117,155,176,178,187,189,200,207,217,220,228,243,248,261,277,288],"exact":[26],"and":[27,77,134,251,275,280],"approximate":[28],"algorithms":[29,46],"have":[30,108],"proposed":[32],"in":[33,43,86,167],"literature.":[35],"When":[36],"it":[37,73,79,136],"comes":[38],"to":[39,109,121,222,239,296],"solving":[40],"large":[41],"instances":[42,177,230],"real-time,":[44],"greedy":[45],"guided":[47],"by":[48,140,259],"priority":[49,123],"rules":[50,279],"represent":[51],"most":[53,65,157],"common":[54],"approach,":[55],"being":[56,165],"nearest":[58],"neighbour":[59],"(NN)":[60],"heuristic":[61,208],"one":[62,154],"popular":[66,158],"rules.":[67,124,209],"NN":[68],"quite":[70],"general":[71],"but":[72],"too":[75],"simple":[76],"so":[78,135],"may":[80,91,128,169],"not":[81,129,170],"be":[82,130,171],"best":[84],"choice":[85],"some":[87,141],"cases.":[88],"Alternatively,":[89],"we":[90,107,213,234,253],"design":[92],"more":[93],"sophisticated":[94],"heuristics":[95,190,244,258],"considering":[96],"particular":[98],"features":[99],"families":[101],"instances.":[103],"To":[104],"do":[105],"that,":[106],"consider":[110],"attributes":[112],"other":[113],"than":[114],"proximity":[116],"next":[119],"city":[120],"build":[122,240,254],"However,":[125],"this":[126,145,183,211],"process":[127],"easy":[131],"for":[132,173],"humans":[133],"often":[138,192],"addressed":[139],"learning":[142],"procedure.":[143],"In":[144,210],"regard,":[146],"hyper-heuristics":[147],"as":[148,153],"Genetic":[149,263],"Programming":[150],"(GP)":[151],"stands":[152],"approaches.":[159],"Furthermore,":[160],"single":[162,278],"heuristic,":[163],"even":[164],"good":[166,172,194],"average,":[168],"number":[175,247],"given":[180,205],"set.":[181],"For":[182],"reason,":[184],"use":[186],"ensembles":[188,202,221,255,289],"alternative,":[195],"which":[196],"raises":[197],"building":[201],"from":[203],"set":[206,227,242],"paper,":[212],"study":[214,268],"application":[216],"two":[218],"kinds":[219],"TSP.":[224],"Given":[225],"TSP":[229],"having":[231],"similar":[232],"characteristics,":[233],"firstly":[235],"exploit":[236],"GP":[238],"involving":[245],"attributes,":[250],"then":[252],"combining":[256],"these":[257],"means":[260],"Algorithm":[264],"(GA).":[265],"experimental":[267],"provided":[269],"valuable":[270],"insights":[271],"into":[272],"construction":[274],"utilisation":[276],"ensembles.":[281],"It":[282],"clearly":[283],"demonstrated":[284],"performance":[287],"justifies":[290],"time":[292],"invested":[293],"when":[294],"compared":[295],"using":[297],"individual":[298],"heuristics.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-10-26T00:00:00"}