{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387809889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","title":"Numerical Analysis of Gas Hold-Up of Two-Phase Ebullated Bed Reactor","display_name":"Numerical Analysis of Gas Hold-Up of Two-Phase Ebullated Bed Reactor","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387809889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/chemengineering7050101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-7084/7/5/101/pdf?version=1697794333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200328","display_name":"ChemEngineering","issn_l":"2305-7084","issn":["2305-7084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-7084/7/5/101/pdf?version=1697794333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057124357","display_name":"Riyadh S. Almukhtar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-1432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-1432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riyadh S. Almukhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082227386","display_name":"Ali Amer Yahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-8931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-8931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Amer Yahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-8931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088428308","display_name":"Omar S. Mahdy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-4134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-4134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar S. Mahdy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083807668","display_name":"Hasan Sh. Majdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-4835","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-4835"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573189","display_name":"Al-Mustaqbal University","ror":"https://ror.org/023a3xe97","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573189"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Shakir Majdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400573189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035874749","display_name":"Gaidaa Saeed Mahdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-5098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-5098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaidaa S. Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052668162","display_name":"Asawer A. Alwasiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-0188","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-0188"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asawer A. Alwasiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-9545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017093970","display_name":"Zainab Yousif Shnain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-9623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-9623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Y. Shnain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046870730","display_name":"Majid Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-5308","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-5308"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157736","display_name":"Qom University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04zepk655","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157736"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom 1519-37195, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom 1519-37195, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053740654","display_name":"Adnan AbdulJabbar AbdulRazak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-6167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-6167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan A. AbdulRazak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-6167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067260983","display_name":"Peter Philib","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Philib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077733247","display_name":"Jamal Manee Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-2679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-2679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal M. Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030939072","display_name":"Haydar A.S. Aljaafari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-4048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-4048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haydar A. S. Aljaafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-4048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007833300","display_name":"Sajda S. Alsaedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-2164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-2164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajda S. Alsaedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052668162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1668},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1668},"fwci":0.2345,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3146231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"101","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.5234000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.5234000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.2897999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12063","display_name":"Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media","score":0.08640000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-holdup","display_name":"gas holdup","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ebullated-bed-reactor","display_name":"ebullated bed reactor","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-phase-reactor","display_name":"two-phase reactor","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocracking","display_name":"hydrocracking","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process-regression","display_name":"Gaussian process regression","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-functions","display_name":"kernel functions","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-velocity","display_name":"liquid velocity","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-velocity","display_name":"gas velocity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recycling-ratio","display_name":"recycling ratio","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-feedstocks","display_name":"heavy feedstocks","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7145967483520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.6329721212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.5329407453536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.502314567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.48483335971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4595145285129547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4207667112350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3580722212791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2722831964492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2006499171257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.19953438639640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18045461177825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.12783148884773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/chemengineering7050101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-7084/7/5/101/pdf?version=1697794333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200328","display_name":"ChemEngineering","issn_l":"2305-7084","issn":["2305-7084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c56216566f44d67b69a475eaa620002","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c56216566f44d67b69a475eaa620002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ChemEngineering, Vol 7, Iss 5, p 101 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/chemengineering7050101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-7084/7/5/101/pdf?version=1697794333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200328","display_name":"ChemEngineering","issn_l":"2305-7084","issn":["2305-7084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387809889.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387809889.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361294286","https://openalex.org/W2033377313","https://openalex.org/W2063639589","https://openalex.org/W2065822013","https://openalex.org/W2087229926","https://openalex.org/W2127253522","https://openalex.org/W2161299194","https://openalex.org/W2583243922","https://openalex.org/W2605921314","https://openalex.org/W2741296030","https://openalex.org/W2771437353","https://openalex.org/W2809781545","https://openalex.org/W2811089230","https://openalex.org/W3017342191","https://openalex.org/W3042045799","https://openalex.org/W3083469118","https://openalex.org/W3088510365","https://openalex.org/W3157617158","https://openalex.org/W3198155241","https://openalex.org/W4210353292","https://openalex.org/W4240313570","https://openalex.org/W4289131805","https://openalex.org/W4308743549","https://openalex.org/W4321793420","https://openalex.org/W4323664544","https://openalex.org/W4327546928","https://openalex.org/W4362639808","https://openalex.org/W4376638655","https://openalex.org/W4380886812","https://openalex.org/W4382051297","https://openalex.org/W4383109484","https://openalex.org/W4383536265","https://openalex.org/W4385437029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980103394","https://openalex.org/W2907812909","https://openalex.org/W2762544834","https://openalex.org/W7220416569","https://openalex.org/W4281610330","https://openalex.org/W7169805882","https://openalex.org/W2919531954","https://openalex.org/W4401595428","https://openalex.org/W2064792279","https://openalex.org/W2033377313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,10,99,154],"the":[2,13,16,67,81,90,94,100,115,119,131,141,144,155,165,174],"significant":[3],"increase":[4],"in":[5,27,36,59],"heavy":[6],"feedstocks":[7],"being":[8],"transported":[9],"refineries":[11],"and":[12,54,77,109,118,125,138,159,162,168],"hydrocracking":[14],"process,":[15],"significance":[17,102],"of":[18,33,69,143],"adopting":[19],"an":[20,37,63],"ebullated":[21,38,64],"bed":[22,65],"reactor":[23,40],"has":[24,89],"been":[25],"reemphasized":[26],"recent":[28],"years.":[29],"The":[30,86,104],"predictive":[31],"modelling":[32],"gas":[34,75,82,96],"hold-up":[35,83],"two-phase":[39],"was":[41],"performed":[42,134,173],"using":[43],"10":[44],"machine":[45,52],"learning":[46],"methods":[47],"based":[48],"on":[49,80,93],"support":[50],"vector":[51],"(SVM)":[53],"Gaussian":[55],"process":[56],"regression":[57],"(GPR)":[58],"this":[60],"study.":[61],"In":[62],"reactor,":[66],"impacts":[68],"three":[70],"features,":[71],"namely":[72],"liquid":[73,87],"velocity,":[74,76],"recycling":[78],"ratio,":[79],"were":[84],"examined.":[85],"velocity":[88],"most":[91],"impact":[92],"predicted":[95],"hold-up,":[97],"according":[98],"feature":[101],"analysis.":[103],"rotational-quadratic,":[105,166],"squared-exponential,":[106,167],"Matern":[107,169],"5/2,":[108],"exponential":[110],"kernel":[111,127],"functions":[112,128],"integrated":[113,129],"with":[114,130,140],"GPR":[116,171],"models":[117,172],"linear,":[120],"quadratic,":[121],"cubic,":[122],"fine,":[123],"medium,":[124],"coarse":[126],"SVM":[132,146],"model":[133],"well":[135],"during":[136],"training":[137],"testing,":[139],"exception":[142],"fine":[145],"model,":[147],"whose":[148],"R2":[149,156],"is":[150],"very":[151],"low.":[152],"According":[153],">":[157],"0.9":[158],"low":[160],"RMSE":[161],"MAE":[163],"values,":[164],"5/2":[170],"best.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2023-10-21T00:00:00"}