{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387654929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","title":"Disease-Related Stigma, Stigmatizers, Causes, and Consequences: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Disease-Related Stigma, Stigmatizers, Causes, and Consequences: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387654929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37899929","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10612557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187943","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0304-4556","issn":["0304-4556","2251-6085","2251-6093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040095955","display_name":"Hossein Akbari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-6952","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-6952"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Akbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071279374","display_name":"Mahla Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0501-1315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0501-1315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahla Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abolfazl Hosseini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abolfazl Hosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040095955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"],"apc_list":{"value":6000000,"currency":"IRR","value_usd":300},"apc_paid":{"value":6000000,"currency":"IRR","value_usd":300},"fwci":6.0542,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97365431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"10","first_page":"2042","last_page":"2054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.7660999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.7660999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.07720000296831131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12066","display_name":"Obesity and Health Practices","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coping-strategies","display_name":"coping strategies","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concealment","display_name":"concealment","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lack-of-knowledge","display_name":"lack of knowledge","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigma-reduction","display_name":"stigma reduction","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168285401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427245","display_name":"Stigma (botany)","level":2,"score":0.7949512004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.7204356789588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73282008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759895","display_name":"Coping (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5707477331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781437451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137326","display_name":"Social stigma","level":3,"score":0.5098940134048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44695553183555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4362272620201111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4125860929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.40342843532562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.331515908241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.32585376501083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13961797952651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.13116738200187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09663310647010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187943","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0304-4556","issn":["0304-4556","2251-6085","2251-6093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10612557","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10612557","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10612557/pdf/IJPH-52-2042.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iran J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37899929","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37899929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian journal of public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187943","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0304-4556","issn":["0304-4556","2251-6085","2251-6093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387654929.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387654929.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481586358","https://openalex.org/W1575474612","https://openalex.org/W1689242358","https://openalex.org/W1773417803","https://openalex.org/W1802060841","https://openalex.org/W1972418410","https://openalex.org/W1991838121","https://openalex.org/W1991977698","https://openalex.org/W2016466041","https://openalex.org/W2028038398","https://openalex.org/W2040866346","https://openalex.org/W2043520405","https://openalex.org/W2045790156","https://openalex.org/W2057862406","https://openalex.org/W2087969867","https://openalex.org/W2093729903","https://openalex.org/W2102987491","https://openalex.org/W2121025905","https://openalex.org/W2129556577","https://openalex.org/W2137810019","https://openalex.org/W2155462001","https://openalex.org/W2155567454","https://openalex.org/W2166176614","https://openalex.org/W2202683848","https://openalex.org/W2294005592","https://openalex.org/W2413407045","https://openalex.org/W2538488284","https://openalex.org/W2593289147","https://openalex.org/W2730843932","https://openalex.org/W2738453166","https://openalex.org/W2742142033","https://openalex.org/W2808551674","https://openalex.org/W2891988820","https://openalex.org/W2948516466","https://openalex.org/W2950914357","https://openalex.org/W2960111352","https://openalex.org/W2972758735","https://openalex.org/W2995471582","https://openalex.org/W3011383234","https://openalex.org/W3015740306","https://openalex.org/W3018434270","https://openalex.org/W3048877058","https://openalex.org/W3097976202","https://openalex.org/W3110596553","https://openalex.org/W3143719932","https://openalex.org/W4231421168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214938665","https://openalex.org/W2033699362","https://openalex.org/W4382656259","https://openalex.org/W2338646979","https://openalex.org/W219693405","https://openalex.org/W3104867799","https://openalex.org/W4410175425","https://openalex.org/W2159428469","https://openalex.org/W2912683158","https://openalex.org/W4387219052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Stigma":[1,54],"is":[2,7,176],"a":[3,83,153,159],"sociological":[4],"concept":[5],"that":[6,91],"important":[8],"in":[9,69,79,98],"medicine":[10],"and":[11,31,62,71,75,77,108,134,144,147,171,184],"health":[12,16],"because":[13],"it":[14,175],"threatens":[15],"as":[17,19,127,152],"much":[18],"the":[20,27,36,93,106,109,115,169],"disease":[21,113],"itself.":[22],"We":[23,81],"aimed":[24],"to":[25,35,88,121,162,178],"explore":[26],"causes,":[28],"stigmatizers,":[29],"consequences":[30],"coping":[32,154],"strategies":[33],"related":[34],"stigma":[37,139,180],"of":[38,101,105,112,118,173],"diseases":[39],"by":[40,55,123],"systematically":[41],"analyzing":[42],"relevant":[43],"literature.":[44],"Methods:":[45],"This":[46],"systematic":[47,85],"review":[48,86],"examined":[49],"65":[50],"articles":[51,66,90],"on":[52],"Disease-Related":[53],"searching":[56],"Noormags,":[57],"Magiran,":[58],"SID,":[59],"Google":[60],"Scholar,":[61],"PubMed":[63],"databases.":[64],"The":[65],"were":[67],"published":[68],"Persian":[70],"English":[72],"between":[73],"2001":[74],"2022":[76],"conducted":[78],"Iran.":[80],"used":[82],"three-step":[84],"process":[87],"select":[89],"met":[92],"research":[94],"criteria.":[95],"Results:":[96],"Conflict":[97],"society,":[99],"lack":[100],"knowledge,":[102],"specific":[103],"characteristics":[104],"disease,":[107],"contagious":[110],"nature":[111],"are":[114],"main":[116],"causes":[117,170],"stigma,":[119],"leading":[120],"stigmatization":[122],"different":[124],"groups":[125],"such":[126],"significant":[128],"others,":[129,131,133],"generalized":[130],"institutional":[132],"macro":[135],"others.":[136],"Patients":[137],"experiencing":[138],"face":[140],"various":[141],"psychological,":[142],"physical,":[143],"social":[145],"complications,":[146],"they":[148],"may":[149],"use":[150],"concealment":[151],"strategy,":[155],"which":[156],"can":[157],"pose":[158],"potential":[160],"threat":[161],"society's":[163],"general":[164],"health.":[165],"Conclusion:":[166],"By":[167],"knowing":[168],"stigmatizers":[172],"disease-related,":[174],"possible":[177],"reduce":[179],"with":[181],"less":[182],"cost":[183],"time.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-10-16T00:00:00"}