{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387259352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","title":"Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Saline Groundwater Seepage Zones in Wadi Bani Malik Basin, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Impacts on Soil and Water Resources","display_name":"Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Saline Groundwater Seepage Zones in Wadi Bani Malik Basin, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Impacts on Soil and Water Resources","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387259352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w15193464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/19/3464/pdf?version=1696083106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/19/3464/pdf?version=1696083106","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071237229","display_name":"Mohamed ElKashouty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-5228","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-5228"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed ElKashouty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-5228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041044554","display_name":"Mohd Yawar Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-4733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-4733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Yawar Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khalid Alharbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021771514","display_name":"Chaitanya B. Pande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-3565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-3565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154453","display_name":"Al-Ayen Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02t6wt791","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitanya B. Pande","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Thi-Qar, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-3565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Thi-Qar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010210805","display_name":"Ali Mohammad Subyani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6862-1733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6862-1733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali M. Subyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068525466","display_name":"Fuqiang Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-7019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-7019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071237229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":2.2864,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87609329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"19","first_page":"3464","last_page":"3464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.1526000052690506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dryland-salinity","display_name":"dryland salinity","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-sodicity","display_name":"sodicity","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation","display_name":"land degradation","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterlogging","display_name":"waterlogging","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-dissolved-solids","display_name":"total dissolved solids","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boron","display_name":"boron","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron","display_name":"iron","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate","display_name":"nitrate","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-wastewater","display_name":"agricultural wastewater","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer-leakage","display_name":"aquifer leakage","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infiltration-rate","display_name":"infiltration rate","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-mineralogy","display_name":"soil mineralogy","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-remediation","display_name":"soil remediation","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.5243207216262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5030350089073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153400128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150731","display_name":"Infiltration (HVAC)","level":2,"score":0.4845565855503082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502230775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871","display_name":"Arsenic","level":2,"score":0.43627652525901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.43621626496315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544657597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091","display_name":"Cadmium","level":2,"score":0.4212293326854706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.41600289940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4000180959701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.38935333490371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2958154082298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2833661735057831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.22600626945495605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12408584356307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w15193464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/19/3464/pdf?version=1696083106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:977eb905b12548e5ad1b39c004dc737c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/977eb905b12548e5ad1b39c004dc737c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 15, Iss 19, p 3464 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w15193464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/19/3464/pdf?version=1696083106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387259352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387259352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523916934","https://openalex.org/W1964612566","https://openalex.org/W1978144173","https://openalex.org/W1990596380","https://openalex.org/W1995761751","https://openalex.org/W2003284356","https://openalex.org/W2024455063","https://openalex.org/W2029570914","https://openalex.org/W2031681896","https://openalex.org/W2031980010","https://openalex.org/W2037495622","https://openalex.org/W2037542480","https://openalex.org/W2054287078","https://openalex.org/W2056002156","https://openalex.org/W2057334071","https://openalex.org/W2057602836","https://openalex.org/W2058931500","https://openalex.org/W2085433711","https://openalex.org/W2124337990","https://openalex.org/W2134565298","https://openalex.org/W2183307772","https://openalex.org/W2183709880","https://openalex.org/W2189018040","https://openalex.org/W2324786937","https://openalex.org/W2443744088","https://openalex.org/W2469166441","https://openalex.org/W2509166390","https://openalex.org/W2528136269","https://openalex.org/W2591851537","https://openalex.org/W2616129582","https://openalex.org/W2715920541","https://openalex.org/W2750276122","https://openalex.org/W2791890733","https://openalex.org/W2894713109","https://openalex.org/W2901261754","https://openalex.org/W2917031758","https://openalex.org/W2926765254","https://openalex.org/W2951921732","https://openalex.org/W2976552697","https://openalex.org/W2977404473","https://openalex.org/W3007610688","https://openalex.org/W3037723043","https://openalex.org/W3083928561","https://openalex.org/W3124718301","https://openalex.org/W3126718871","https://openalex.org/W3165154744","https://openalex.org/W3179426804","https://openalex.org/W3194591960","https://openalex.org/W4205349494","https://openalex.org/W4206481551","https://openalex.org/W4292560090","https://openalex.org/W4318828132","https://openalex.org/W4366817803","https://openalex.org/W4367693646","https://openalex.org/W4375951720","https://openalex.org/W4380053286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769132858","https://openalex.org/W7097519732","https://openalex.org/W2066188799","https://openalex.org/W2324786937","https://openalex.org/W2099792247","https://openalex.org/W2117815706","https://openalex.org/W4206481551","https://openalex.org/W3133695427","https://openalex.org/W2751233703","https://openalex.org/W2194989918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15,52,74,134,166,196,208],"water":[1,31,53,80,132],"seepage":[2],"zone":[3],"affects":[4],"dryland":[5],"salinity,":[6],"soil":[7,34,64],"sodicity,":[8],"land":[9],"degradation,":[10],"waterlogging,":[11],"and":[12,32,59,68,90,100,102,155,214,224],"rainfall":[13],"pollution.":[14],"priority":[16],"in":[17,79,114],"terms":[18],"of":[19,27,43,136,210],"the":[20,25,28,39,44,63,109,112,123,127,131,182,221],"remediation":[21],"measures":[22],"was":[23,126,163,187],"determining":[24],"cause":[26],"seepages.":[29],"Nine":[30],"six":[33],"samples":[35,54],"were":[36,55,72,108,158],"collected":[37],"from":[38,83,95,122,171,200],"Al":[40,116],"Tayseer":[41],"area":[42,125],"Wadi":[45],"Bani":[46],"Malik,":[47],"Jeddah,":[48],"Saudi":[49],"Arabia":[50],"(SA).":[51],"analyzed":[56],"for":[57,111,130],"major":[58],"toxic":[60],"metals.":[61],"For":[62],"samples,":[65],"granulometric":[66,183],"analysis":[67,71],"infiltration":[69,121,197],"rate":[70,198],"performed.":[73],"total":[75],"dissolved":[76],"solids":[77],"(TDS)":[78],"seepages":[81],"ranged":[82,94,170,199],"1880":[84],"to":[85,97,173,181,202],"54,499,":[86],"whereas":[87],"boron":[88],"(B)":[89],"iron":[91],"(Fe)":[92],"values":[93],"1.9":[96],"38":[98],"mg/L":[99],"0.02":[101],"0.47":[103],"mg/L,":[104,175],"respectively.":[105],"These":[106],"concentrations":[107,135],"same":[110],"aquifer":[113],"Lake":[115],"Misk,":[117],"confirming":[118],"that":[119,161],"groundwater":[120],"lake":[124],"main":[128],"reason":[129],"seepage.":[133],"silica":[137],"(Si),":[138],"aluminum":[139],"(Al),":[140],"cobalt":[141],"(Co),":[142],"nickel":[143],"(Ni),":[144],"zinc":[145],"(Zn),":[146],"arsenic":[147],"(As),":[148],"cadmium":[149],"(Cd),":[150],"chromium":[151],"(Cr),":[152],"copper":[153],"(Cu),":[154],"lead":[156],"(Pb)":[157],"low,":[159],"indicating":[160,176,205],"there":[162],"no":[164],"contamination.":[165],"nitrate":[167],"(NO32\u2212)":[168],"value":[169],"2.2":[172],"35":[174],"agricultural":[177],"wastewater":[178],"contribution.":[179],"According":[180],"examination,":[184],"most":[185],"sediment":[186],"sand,":[188],"followed":[189],"by":[190,220],"gravel,":[191],"with":[192],"few":[193],"fine-grain":[194],"particles.":[195],"85":[201],"864":[203],"cm/d,":[204],"significant":[206],"leakage.":[207],"percentage":[209],"ferrugination,":[211],"ferromagnesian,":[212],"OH-bearing,":[213],"carbonate":[215],"(CO\u20832\u2212)":[216],"minerals":[217],"is":[218],"determined":[219],"4/2,":[222],"5/6,":[223],"6/7":[225],"band":[226],"ratios.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-10-03T00:00:00"}