{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387219664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","title":"Carbon footprint of smallholder rain-fed sorghum cropping systems of Kenya: A typology-based approach","display_name":"Carbon footprint of smallholder rain-fed sorghum cropping systems of Kenya: A typology-based approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387219664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000258/pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215438","display_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","issn_l":"2772-8013","issn":["2772-8013"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000258/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007235153","display_name":"Collins Muimi Musafiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-4644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-4644"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Collins M. Musafiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cortile Scientific Limited, PO Box 34991, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-4644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cortile Scientific Limited, PO Box 34991, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040677343","display_name":"Milka Kiboi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-858X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-858X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142250","display_name":"Forschungsinstitut f\u00fcr Biologischen Landbau","ror":"https://ror.org/039t93g49","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142250"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milka Kiboi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Cooperation, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, BOX 219, 5070 Frick, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Cooperation, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, BOX 219, 5070 Frick, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073617072","display_name":"Onesmus K. Ng\u2019etich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132506069","display_name":"University of Embu","ror":"https://ror.org/00hzs6t60","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132506069"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onesmus K. Ng'etich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water and Agricultural Resource Management, University of Embu, PO BOX 6, 60100 Embu, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water and Agricultural Resource Management, University of Embu, PO BOX 6, 60100 Embu, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132506069"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039231121","display_name":"Michael Okoti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-8258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-8258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098278","display_name":"Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/00wawdr98","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098278"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Okoti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Headquarters, PO BOX 30148, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Headquarters, PO BOX 30148, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018635557","display_name":"David K. Kosgei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147168166","display_name":"Moi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p6eac84","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147168166"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David K. Kosgei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, PO Box 3900, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, PO Box 3900, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147168166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073603572","display_name":"Felix K. Ngetich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-7973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-7973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I315205436","display_name":"Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffvb852","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315205436"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix K. Ngetich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cortile Scientific Limited, PO Box 34991, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya","Department of Plant, Animal and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210 - 40601 Bondo Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-7973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cortile Scientific Limited, PO Box 34991, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant, Animal and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210 - 40601 Bondo Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I315205436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007235153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"fwci":0.81,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71404931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"100060","last_page":"100060"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12896","display_name":"Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12896","display_name":"Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11259","display_name":"Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact","score":0.0706000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"carbon footprint","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-balance","display_name":"greenhouse gas balance","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farming","display_name":"smallholder farming","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-typology","display_name":"farm typology","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilizer-emissions","display_name":"fertilizer emissions","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manure-application","display_name":"manure application","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-atmosphere-gas-exchange","display_name":"soil-atmosphere gas exchange","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-intensification","display_name":"agricultural intensification","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-kenya","display_name":"Western Kenya","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.7239634394645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.6730307340621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6429670453071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38304854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185716","display_name":"Manure","level":2,"score":0.5755653977394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4947318732738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779969000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6753176","display_name":"Manure management","level":3,"score":0.45699968934059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.44561177492141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.42930880188941956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3944888710975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.30804896354675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2602330446243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09930968284606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000258/pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215438","display_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","issn_l":"2772-8013","issn":["2772-8013"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000258/pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215438","display_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","issn_l":"2772-8013","issn":["2772-8013"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7605999708175659,"display_name":"Life on land"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4249528577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP 04\u20134/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","funder_display_name":"World Bank Group"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322330","display_name":"Kenya Agricultural Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039922k61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575220568","https://openalex.org/W1980108290","https://openalex.org/W1999897898","https://openalex.org/W2002455139","https://openalex.org/W2017159017","https://openalex.org/W2035916498","https://openalex.org/W2076248710","https://openalex.org/W2094479644","https://openalex.org/W2095958486","https://openalex.org/W2098140926","https://openalex.org/W2099007928","https://openalex.org/W2104482771","https://openalex.org/W2118012611","https://openalex.org/W2134074408","https://openalex.org/W2146468531","https://openalex.org/W2152439471","https://openalex.org/W2398643528","https://openalex.org/W2469504990","https://openalex.org/W2528935073","https://openalex.org/W2531453372","https://openalex.org/W2553703706","https://openalex.org/W2572498521","https://openalex.org/W2594810888","https://openalex.org/W2611443983","https://openalex.org/W2714672313","https://openalex.org/W2740119790","https://openalex.org/W2780260382","https://openalex.org/W2789716872","https://openalex.org/W2883335943","https://openalex.org/W2905135541","https://openalex.org/W2912154117","https://openalex.org/W2913928616","https://openalex.org/W3022611362","https://openalex.org/W3026483119","https://openalex.org/W3027467245","https://openalex.org/W3028145663","https://openalex.org/W3035241888","https://openalex.org/W3037042131","https://openalex.org/W3037794968","https://openalex.org/W3039852621","https://openalex.org/W3083050247","https://openalex.org/W3105507891","https://openalex.org/W3109079336","https://openalex.org/W3136561178","https://openalex.org/W3158819716","https://openalex.org/W3199988379","https://openalex.org/W4200270165","https://openalex.org/W4210268437","https://openalex.org/W4211031741","https://openalex.org/W4213017653","https://openalex.org/W4213383214","https://openalex.org/W4242704284","https://openalex.org/W4284886681","https://openalex.org/W4295605308","https://openalex.org/W4316506226","https://openalex.org/W4411096100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2740119790","https://openalex.org/W3037794968","https://openalex.org/W6920343530","https://openalex.org/W2014230721","https://openalex.org/W4246505711","https://openalex.org/W4388713285","https://openalex.org/W3027505735","https://openalex.org/W2789058444","https://openalex.org/W4405868954","https://openalex.org/W4408764702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agricultural":[0],"ecosystems":[1],"are":[2],"the":[3,24,55,59,84,154,175,227,237],"main":[4],"sources":[5],"of":[6,161,236],"soil-atmosphere":[7],"exchange":[8],"(methane-CH4,":[9],"Carbon":[10],"dioxide-CO2":[11],"and":[12,48,62,66,102,125,131,169,181,196,209,219,221,233,242,256],"Nitrous":[13],"oxide":[14],"-N2O)":[15],"in":[16,73,95,136,194,207,273],"sub-Saharan":[17],"African":[18],"countries,":[19],"including":[20],"Kenya.":[21,75,97],"To":[22],"feed":[23],"ever-growing":[25],"population,":[26],"there":[27],"is":[28],"a":[29],"need":[30],"to":[31,36,53,129,133,149,201,248,258],"identify":[32,63],"agricultural":[33],"management":[34],"practices":[35],"increase":[37],"food":[38],"production":[39,218],"while":[40],"reducing":[41],"GHG":[42,56,85,151,165,185,238],"emissions":[43,223],"for":[44,108,231],"climate":[45],"change":[46],"mitigation":[47,67],"adaptation.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51,77,88,267],"aimed":[52],"estimate":[54,150],"balance":[57,186],"at":[58,178],"farm":[60,109,113,176],"scale":[61],"environmental":[64,228],"hotspots":[65,229],"opportunities":[68],"among":[69],"smallholder":[70,93],"sorghum":[71,155,254,270],"farms":[72,94,200],"Western":[74],"The":[76,87,98,140,164,184,240,266],"hypothesized":[78],"that":[79,117,153,269],"different":[80],"intensification":[81],"levels":[82],"influenced":[83],"balance.":[86],"collected":[89],"data":[90],"from":[91,119,188,246],"300":[92],"western":[96],"principal":[99],"component":[100],"analysis":[101,105],"hierarchical":[103],"clustering":[104],"were":[106,115,158,226],"used":[107,148],"typologies":[110],"construction.":[111],"Five":[112],"types":[114,177],"constructed":[116],"ranged":[118,187,245],"no":[120],"or":[121],"minimal":[122],"external":[123],"inputs":[124],"highly":[126,134],"intensified,":[127],"small":[128,199,215],"large,":[130],"low":[132,197],"endowed":[135],"tropical":[137],"livestock":[138],"units.":[139],"Cool":[141],"Farm":[142],"Tool":[143],"Excel":[144],"program":[145],"model":[146],"was":[147],"balances.":[152],"cropping":[156,271],"systems":[157,272],"net":[159],"sinks":[160],"soil":[162],"GHGs.":[163],"balance,":[166],"carbon":[167,241],"footprint,":[168],"monetary":[170,243],"footprint":[171],"significantly":[172],"varied":[173],"across":[174],"p=0.025,":[179],"p=0.018,":[180],"p=0.004,":[182],"respectively.":[183,265],"-818.76":[189],"kg":[190,203,250,253,260],"CO2":[191,204,251,261],"eq.":[192,205,252,262],"ha\u22121":[193,206],"manure-intensive":[195],"fertilizer-intensity":[198],"174.29":[202],"fertilizer-intensive":[208],"moderate":[210],"manure":[211],"application":[212],"rates":[213],"on":[214],"farms.":[216],"Fertilizer":[217],"direct":[220],"indirect":[222],"(fertilizer":[224],"application)":[225],"accounting":[230],"63":[232],"30":[234],"%":[235],"emissions.":[239,279],"footprints":[244],"-1.29":[247],"0.45":[249],"\u22121":[255],"-2.02":[257],"0.13":[259],"US$\u22121":[263],"generated,":[264],"established":[268],"Kenya":[274],"produced":[275],"limited":[276],"greenhouse":[277],"gas":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2023-10-01T00:00:00"}
