{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387054746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","title":"Critical Issues of Optimal Reactive Power Compensation Based on an HVAC Transmission System for an Offshore Wind Farm","display_name":"Critical Issues of Optimal Reactive Power Compensation Based on an HVAC Transmission System for an Offshore Wind Farm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387054746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14175/pdf?version=1695653658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14175/pdf?version=1695653658","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034322834","display_name":"Asad ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-5493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-5493","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8787-8630"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057622842","display_name":"Mohsin Ali Koondhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6986"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsin Ali Koondhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101029766","display_name":"Zafar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-645X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-645X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zafar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104174213","display_name":"Munawar Jamali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munawar Jamali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh 67450, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019940948","display_name":"Ragab Abdelaziz El-Sehiemy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-4031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-4031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130309236","display_name":"Kafrelsheikh University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a97mm30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ragab A. El-Sehiemy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-4031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019940948"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":1.9242,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85884584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"19","first_page":"14175","last_page":"14175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.5536999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.5536999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14502","display_name":"High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems","score":0.15870000422000885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.06759999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-power-compensation","display_name":"reactive power compensation","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-farms","display_name":"offshore wind farms","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-line-losses","display_name":"transmission line losses","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-stability","display_name":"voltage stability","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-loss-reduction","display_name":"power loss reduction","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-power-cables","display_name":"submarine power cables","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.7680000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.6801494359970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.6364552974700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4769227206707001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4590829908847809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4540775716304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4405903220176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.416352778673172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4141380786895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.36778968572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3455640971660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3392221927642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2483404576778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09761810302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.07618275284767151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14175/pdf?version=1695653658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:19:p:14175-:d:1247512","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14175/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914175","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14175/pdf?version=1695653658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387054746.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387054746.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W314236247","https://openalex.org/W1578476034","https://openalex.org/W1772314965","https://openalex.org/W1826421496","https://openalex.org/W1889065589","https://openalex.org/W1963826448","https://openalex.org/W1971201876","https://openalex.org/W2005095093","https://openalex.org/W2010640753","https://openalex.org/W2014677458","https://openalex.org/W2016739180","https://openalex.org/W2024106139","https://openalex.org/W2039976771","https://openalex.org/W2044826621","https://openalex.org/W2056663805","https://openalex.org/W2057377982","https://openalex.org/W2062994461","https://openalex.org/W2094098636","https://openalex.org/W2099143575","https://openalex.org/W2114414735","https://openalex.org/W2127188807","https://openalex.org/W2130222651","https://openalex.org/W2151768315","https://openalex.org/W2152616025","https://openalex.org/W2153011677","https://openalex.org/W2158106511","https://openalex.org/W2158622113","https://openalex.org/W2162419532","https://openalex.org/W2163612758","https://openalex.org/W2170051462","https://openalex.org/W2173213836","https://openalex.org/W2276743969","https://openalex.org/W2284198341","https://openalex.org/W2288573167","https://openalex.org/W2476424695","https://openalex.org/W2481914548","https://openalex.org/W2489676866","https://openalex.org/W2495297653","https://openalex.org/W2525066707","https://openalex.org/W2537156360","https://openalex.org/W2539869707","https://openalex.org/W2544545015","https://openalex.org/W2564345322","https://openalex.org/W2585204189","https://openalex.org/W2602844318","https://openalex.org/W2620336023","https://openalex.org/W2621438911","https://openalex.org/W2625759029","https://openalex.org/W2665539015","https://openalex.org/W2727032620","https://openalex.org/W2734871192","https://openalex.org/W2761550386","https://openalex.org/W2777482433","https://openalex.org/W2803517178","https://openalex.org/W2888603278","https://openalex.org/W2900452152","https://openalex.org/W2958863831","https://openalex.org/W2970734317","https://openalex.org/W2979884560","https://openalex.org/W3042915326","https://openalex.org/W3086927368","https://openalex.org/W3090686915","https://openalex.org/W3105338152","https://openalex.org/W3112830586","https://openalex.org/W3120214362","https://openalex.org/W3135882228","https://openalex.org/W3140699518","https://openalex.org/W3173295188","https://openalex.org/W3188394399","https://openalex.org/W4226117322","https://openalex.org/W4296155146","https://openalex.org/W4298935286","https://openalex.org/W4312082022","https://openalex.org/W4327736933","https://openalex.org/W4353081982","https://openalex.org/W4379797594","https://openalex.org/W4386602134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7047665590","https://openalex.org/W2284198341","https://openalex.org/W2811432232","https://openalex.org/W4413467732","https://openalex.org/W4392557384","https://openalex.org/W4213060338","https://openalex.org/W1967406464","https://openalex.org/W4400232595","https://openalex.org/W3033000967","https://openalex.org/W2035278019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34,78,225],"reactive":[1],"power":[2,41,51,60,94,180,198],"(RP)":[3],"control":[4,143,249],"of":[5,31,36,93,111,137,169,216,237],"the":[6,26,32,68,107,132,158,163,166,179,214,232,262],"high":[7],"voltage":[8,47],"alternating":[9],"current":[10],"transmission":[11],"system":[12,42,61,160,256],"(HVAC":[13],"TS)":[14],"for":[15,59,83,89,130,140,193,195,240],"offshore":[16,211],"wind":[17,54,72,212],"farms":[18,55],"(OWFs)":[19],"is":[20,44,81,87,126,223,242],"a":[21,101,127,243],"crucial":[22,244],"task":[23,129],"to":[24,45,64,115,189,206],"assure":[25],"consistent":[27],"and":[28,49,74,109,134,144,156,173,219,234,248,254],"efficient":[29,135],"operation":[30,43,62,108,136,236],"system.":[33],"importance":[35],"RP":[37],"compensation":[38,181],"(RPC)":[39],"in":[40,105,260],"maintain":[46],"stability":[48],"reduce":[50,252],"losses.":[52],"Offshore":[53],"present":[56],"unique":[57],"challenges":[58],"due":[63],"their":[65],"distance":[66],"from":[67,209],"onshore":[69],"grid,":[70],"variable":[71],"conditions,":[73],"complex":[75],"electrical":[76],"infrastructure.":[77],"HVAC":[79,138,191,238],"TS":[80],"common":[82],"OWFs":[84,241],"as":[85,176],"it":[86],"well-suited":[88],"transmitting":[90],"large":[91,210],"amounts":[92],"over":[95],"long":[96],"distances.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"literature-based":[102],"analysis":[103],"helps":[104],"improving":[106,157],"reliability":[110],"OWFs,":[112,194],"ultimately":[113],"leading":[114],"greater":[116],"renewable":[117],"energy":[118,221],"utilization.":[119],"This":[120],"paper":[121],"concludes":[122,227],"that":[123,230],"optimal":[124,151,263],"RPC":[125],"critical":[128],"ensuring":[131,231],"stable":[133],"TSs":[139,192,239],"OWFs.":[141],"Advanced":[142,246],"optimization":[145,247],"techniques":[146],"can":[147,251],"help":[148],"achieve":[149],"an":[150],"RPC,":[152],"thereby":[153],"minimizing":[154],"TLS":[155,253],"overall":[159],"efficiency.":[161],"Furthermore,":[162],"study":[164],"investigates":[165],"possible":[167],"benefits":[168],"incorporating":[170],"novel":[171],"technologies":[172],"approaches,":[174],"such":[175],"RESs,":[177],"into":[178],"process.":[182],"By":[183],"offering":[184],"insightful":[185],"information":[186],"on":[187],"how":[188],"optimize":[190],"example,":[196],"subsea":[197],"cables":[199],"with":[200],"multiple":[201],"layers":[202],"must":[203],"be":[204],"used":[205],"carry":[207],"electricity":[208],"farms,":[213],"development":[215],"more":[217],"sustainable":[218],"effective":[220,235],"solutions":[222,250],"possible.":[224],"research":[226],"by":[228,258],"stating":[229],"steady":[233],"responsibility.":[245],"increase":[255],"efficiency":[257],"assisting":[259],"achieving":[261],"RPC.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-09-27T00:00:00"}