{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386981677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259","title":"DDoS Attacks Detection with Half Autoencoder-Stacked Deep Neural Network","display_name":"DDoS Attacks Detection with Half Autoencoder-Stacked Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386981677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218843023500259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147961","display_name":"International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems","issn_l":"0218-8430","issn":["0218-8430","1793-6365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074521145","display_name":"Emna Benmohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-3962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-3962"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405275539","display_name":"Onaizah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/03sha9j83","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emna Benmohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, P. O. Box 5371, Onaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","Research Groups in Intelligent Machines, University of Sfax, National School of Engineers (ENIS), BP 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-3962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, P. O. Box 5371, Onaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Groups in Intelligent Machines, University of Sfax, National School of Engineers (ENIS), BP 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084761382","display_name":"Adel Thaljaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-4813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-4813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35845393","display_name":"University of Gafsa","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzjzn40","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35845393"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adel Thaljaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia","Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-4813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35845393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043642086","display_name":"Salim El Khediri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-1605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-1605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35845393","display_name":"University of Gafsa","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzjzn40","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35845393"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salim El Khediri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-1605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35845393"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029955008","display_name":"Suliman Aladhadh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-8710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-8710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suliman Aladhadh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-8710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034271821","display_name":"Mansor Alohali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-5194","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-5194"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansor Alohali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-5194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, P. O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084761382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090","https://openalex.org/I35845393"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6091901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"03","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ddos-detection","display_name":"DDoS attack detection","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"feature selection","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-classification","display_name":"network traffic classification","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9145523905754089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.9117698669433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8556294441223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.8279905319213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5888309478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5846737027168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5311599969863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5303471684455872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4610890746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4247843325138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.41667890548706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3936053514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.38193005323410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37348857522010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218843023500259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218843023500259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147961","display_name":"International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems","issn_l":"0218-8430","issn":["0218-8430","1793-6365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018671131","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2749908420","https://openalex.org/W2766328038","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2809932464","https://openalex.org/W2895216609","https://openalex.org/W2901539244","https://openalex.org/W2911999479","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2914170343","https://openalex.org/W2924689635","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2942104252","https://openalex.org/W2945884086","https://openalex.org/W2966581125","https://openalex.org/W2969430493","https://openalex.org/W2969965567","https://openalex.org/W2975191072","https://openalex.org/W3000094279","https://openalex.org/W3005097670","https://openalex.org/W3009743362","https://openalex.org/W3012454270","https://openalex.org/W3014524176","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3112746081","https://openalex.org/W3114263020","https://openalex.org/W3117819143","https://openalex.org/W3121284007","https://openalex.org/W3157481002","https://openalex.org/W3186003301","https://openalex.org/W4205521168","https://openalex.org/W4205552472","https://openalex.org/W4206130810","https://openalex.org/W4210779665","https://openalex.org/W4312058488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392713499","https://openalex.org/W7217494012","https://openalex.org/W3117819143","https://openalex.org/W4412626896","https://openalex.org/W4386213867","https://openalex.org/W3209469313","https://openalex.org/W4388813212","https://openalex.org/W4285813750","https://openalex.org/W4206676437","https://openalex.org/W4362639200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,7,28,41,47,115,149,160],"growth":[2],"in":[3,49,80,101,169],"services":[4],"supplied":[5],"over":[6],"internet,":[8],"network":[9],"infrastructure":[10],"has":[11],"become":[12],"more":[13],"exposed":[14],"to":[15,82,113,125],"cyber-attacks,":[16],"particularly":[17],"Distributed":[18],"Denial":[19],"of":[20,30,46,105,157],"Service":[21],"(DDoS)":[22],"attacks,":[23],"which":[24],"can":[25],"easily":[26],"cause":[27],"disruption":[29],"services.":[31],"The":[32,144],"key":[33],"factor":[34],"for":[35],"fighting":[36],"against":[37],"these":[38],"attacks":[39],"is":[40,63],"earlier":[42],"separation":[43],"and":[44],"detection":[45],"traffic":[48],"networks.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"a":[54,68,76,92,96,102,133],"novel":[55],"approach,":[56],"named":[57,137],"Half":[58,97],"Autoencoder-Stacked":[59],"DNNs":[60,116],"(HAE-SDNN)":[61],"model,":[62,79],"proposed.":[64],"We":[65],"suggest":[66],"using":[67,95],"Stacked":[69],"Deep":[70],"Neural":[71],"Networks":[72],"(SDNN)":[73],"model.":[74],"as":[75],"deep":[77],"learning":[78],"order":[81],"detect":[83],"DDoS":[84,141],"attacks.":[85,172],"Our":[86],"approach":[87],"allows":[88],"feature":[89],"selection":[90],"from":[91],"preprocessed":[93],"dataset":[94],"AutoEncoder":[98],"(HAE),":[99],"resulting":[100],"final":[103],"set":[104],"important":[106],"features.":[107],"These":[108],"features":[109],"are":[110,118],"subsequently":[111],"used":[112],"train":[114],"that":[117,148],"stacked":[119],"together":[120],"by":[121],"applying":[122],"Softmax":[123],"layer":[124],"combine":[126],"their":[127],"outputs.":[128],"Experiments":[129],"were":[130],"performed":[131],"on":[132],"benchmark":[134],"cybersecurity":[135],"dataset,":[136],"CICDDoS2017,":[138],"containing":[139],"various":[140],"attack":[142],"types.":[143],"experimental":[145],"results":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"introduced":[150],"model":[151,162],"attained":[152],"an":[153],"overall":[154],"accuracy":[155],"rate":[156],"99.95%.":[158],"Moreover,":[159],"HAE-SDNN":[161],"outperformed":[163],"existing":[164],"models,":[165],"highlighting":[166],"its":[167],"superiority":[168],"accurately":[170],"classifying":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-09-24T00:00:00"}
