{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386963117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","title":"How Do Green Investments, Foreign Direct Investment, and Renewable Energy Impact CO2 Emissions? Measuring the Role of Education in E-7 Nations","display_name":"How Do Green Investments, Foreign Direct Investment, and Renewable Energy Impact CO2 Emissions? Measuring the Role of Education in E-7 Nations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386963117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14052/pdf?version=1695358761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14052/pdf?version=1695358761","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100865150","display_name":"Pengtao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1993-4915","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1993-4915"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengtao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Finance and Investment Group CO., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China","School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Finance and Investment Group CO., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103132573","display_name":"Jianguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-4957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-4957"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Finance and Investment Group CO., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Finance and Investment Group CO., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070077625","display_name":"Usman Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-5878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-5878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54792, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-5878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54792, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100865150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":9.1886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98007909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"19","first_page":"14052","last_page":"14052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13331","display_name":"Energy and Environmental Sustainability","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education","display_name":"education","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-investment","display_name":"green investment","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-growth","display_name":"green growth","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"sustainable development","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paris-agreement","display_name":"Paris Agreement","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-emission-reduction","display_name":"carbon emission reduction","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778556080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5603535","display_name":"Green growth","level":3,"score":0.6420630216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5856274962425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5655089616775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.5129196643829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.49356043338775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145162277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751675","display_name":"Cointegration","level":2,"score":0.4812355041503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4637352526187897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4521865248680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21839126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598188","display_name":"Green economy","level":3,"score":0.43695777654647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.43685922026634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4281904399394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.23565560579299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.09550148248672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09258124232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14052/pdf?version=1695358761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:19:p:14052-:d:1245269","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14052/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151914052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14052/pdf?version=1695358761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.5217000246047974,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386963117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386963117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1887391414","https://openalex.org/W1939526929","https://openalex.org/W1975650452","https://openalex.org/W1978775682","https://openalex.org/W1987242121","https://openalex.org/W2013732090","https://openalex.org/W2048469842","https://openalex.org/W2049564466","https://openalex.org/W2085554134","https://openalex.org/W2096904991","https://openalex.org/W2126383263","https://openalex.org/W2769333005","https://openalex.org/W2770274667","https://openalex.org/W2777796796","https://openalex.org/W2791933510","https://openalex.org/W2804490535","https://openalex.org/W2894471987","https://openalex.org/W2898036227","https://openalex.org/W2905587099","https://openalex.org/W2906202305","https://openalex.org/W2908068518","https://openalex.org/W2913356693","https://openalex.org/W2933919363","https://openalex.org/W2946881517","https://openalex.org/W2950544117","https://openalex.org/W2965843055","https://openalex.org/W2967708754","https://openalex.org/W2969348417","https://openalex.org/W2972949924","https://openalex.org/W2983070049","https://openalex.org/W2985438877","https://openalex.org/W2985475187","https://openalex.org/W2987420102","https://openalex.org/W2991632676","https://openalex.org/W2997396809","https://openalex.org/W2998332571","https://openalex.org/W2998351256","https://openalex.org/W3005496444","https://openalex.org/W3007622063","https://openalex.org/W3013594402","https://openalex.org/W3014587332","https://openalex.org/W3016338924","https://openalex.org/W3016382320","https://openalex.org/W3022447792","https://openalex.org/W3026976202","https://openalex.org/W3042597497","https://openalex.org/W3080341334","https://openalex.org/W3080556769","https://openalex.org/W3081441813","https://openalex.org/W3083795475","https://openalex.org/W3087709791","https://openalex.org/W3089003127","https://openalex.org/W3093013576","https://openalex.org/W3093436007","https://openalex.org/W3098416975","https://openalex.org/W3116381301","https://openalex.org/W3117300929","https://openalex.org/W3119841484","https://openalex.org/W3122941285","https://openalex.org/W3123643827","https://openalex.org/W3127948954","https://openalex.org/W3129447569","https://openalex.org/W3130268760","https://openalex.org/W3130823966","https://openalex.org/W3132849265","https://openalex.org/W3133071294","https://openalex.org/W3139323434","https://openalex.org/W3157477056","https://openalex.org/W3159290263","https://openalex.org/W3163975441","https://openalex.org/W3164975569","https://openalex.org/W3169519789","https://openalex.org/W3172625812","https://openalex.org/W3179355419","https://openalex.org/W3187731274","https://openalex.org/W3188848537","https://openalex.org/W3192582527","https://openalex.org/W3193179519","https://openalex.org/W3195891937","https://openalex.org/W3205582085","https://openalex.org/W3208121662","https://openalex.org/W3210156851","https://openalex.org/W3214222427","https://openalex.org/W4205822939","https://openalex.org/W4206243183","https://openalex.org/W4224280575","https://openalex.org/W4241563384","https://openalex.org/W4241996101","https://openalex.org/W4283718143","https://openalex.org/W4284958682","https://openalex.org/W4295366546","https://openalex.org/W4302010909","https://openalex.org/W4306734874","https://openalex.org/W4306835989","https://openalex.org/W4308039947","https://openalex.org/W4310937898","https://openalex.org/W4313208772","https://openalex.org/W4319459606","https://openalex.org/W4323793924","https://openalex.org/W4362677669","https://openalex.org/W4362716146","https://openalex.org/W4366490163","https://openalex.org/W4366699094","https://openalex.org/W4376621724","https://openalex.org/W4377096709","https://openalex.org/W4382359152","https://openalex.org/W4383058259","https://openalex.org/W4385147314","https://openalex.org/W4385610325","https://openalex.org/W4385697075","https://openalex.org/W4386098553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416265014","https://openalex.org/W4408067963","https://openalex.org/W4310937898","https://openalex.org/W7222952047","https://openalex.org/W4406697974","https://openalex.org/W4284958682","https://openalex.org/W7125427718","https://openalex.org/W2972540783","https://openalex.org/W4391783306","https://openalex.org/W4298002530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84,95,124,141],"COP27":[1],"conference":[2],"establishes":[3],"fresh":[4],"objectives":[5],"for":[6,131,188],"global":[7,31],"economies":[8],"to":[9,33,68,79,154,212,224,232],"achieve":[10],"the":[11,15,28,49,51,63,81,90,102,132,139,165,175,183,193,204,207,214],"goals":[12],"outlined":[13],"in":[14,30,62,151,157,182,195],"Paris":[16],"Agreement,":[17],"which":[18],"are":[19,107,230],"centered":[20],"on":[21,173],"reducing":[22],"carbon":[23,196],"(CO2)":[24],"emissions":[25,106,159,198],"and":[26,58,75,122,138,180,237],"constraining":[27],"rise":[29,194],"temperatures":[32],"1.5":[34],"\u00b0C.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37,39],"background,":[38],"study":[40,135],"looks":[41],"at":[42],"how":[43],"education":[44,187],"has":[45],"affected":[46],"CO2":[47,105,158],"emissions,":[48],"economy,":[50],"use":[52,176],"of":[53,101,112,126,136,177,185,206,216],"renewable":[54,178],"energy,":[55],"green":[56,120,217,227,238],"investments,":[57,121],"foreign":[59,115],"direct":[60,116],"investment":[61],"E-7":[64,166,208],"countries":[65,167],"from":[66],"2000":[67],"2021.":[69],"Two":[70],"unit":[71],"root":[72],"tests,":[73],"CADF":[74],"CIPS,":[76],"were":[77,87],"used":[78],"gauge":[80],"data\u2019s":[82],"stationarity.":[83],"long-run":[85],"coefficients":[86],"identified":[88],"using":[89],"momentum":[91],"quantile":[92],"regression":[93],"approach.":[94],"empirical":[96,134],"results":[97,142],"show":[98],"a":[99,110,148,155,170],"cointegration":[100],"variables.":[103],"Long-term":[104],"influenced":[108],"by":[109],"variety":[111],"factors,":[113],"including":[114],"investment,":[117],"economic":[118],"growth,":[119],"education.":[123],"outcomes":[125],"reliable":[127],"statistics":[128],"provide":[129],"support":[130],"overall":[133],"groups":[137],"economy.":[140],"also":[143],"suggest":[144],"that":[145,203,226],"there":[146],"is":[147,201],"significant":[149],"increase":[150],"education,":[152],"leading":[153],"reduction":[156],"across":[160],"long":[161],"time":[162],"periods.":[163],"Additionally,":[164],"should":[168],"place":[169],"high":[171],"priority":[172],"boosting":[174],"energy":[179],"investing":[181],"expansion":[184],"higher":[186],"sustainable":[189],"development.":[190],"To":[191],"mitigate":[192],"dioxide":[197],"(CO2em),":[199],"it":[200],"recommended":[202],"governments":[205],"nations":[209],"take":[210],"measures":[211],"promote":[213],"adoption":[215],"investments.":[218],"Governments":[219],"must":[220],"prioritize":[221],"their":[222],"efforts":[223],"ensure":[225],"financing":[228],"policies":[229,236],"able":[231],"complement":[233],"environmental":[234],"welfare":[235],"growth":[239],"policies.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-09-23T00:00:00"}
