{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386894017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","title":"Prediction of Sensor Data in a Greenhouse for Cultivation of Paprika Plants Using a Stacking Ensemble for Smart Farms","display_name":"Prediction of Sensor Data in a Greenhouse for Cultivation of Paprika Plants Using a Stacking Ensemble for Smart Farms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386894017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app131810464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10464/pdf?version=1695122256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10464/pdf?version=1695122256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006992063","display_name":"Seokho Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-9135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-9135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131650","display_name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039k6f508","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210089395","https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Ho Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Application Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Application Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086243952","display_name":"Husna Mutahira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-4883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-4883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husna Mutahira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079119928","display_name":"Hoon\u2010Seok Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-2799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-2799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131650","display_name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039k6f508","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210089395","https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoon-Seok Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Application Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-2799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Application Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079119928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2558},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2558},"fwci":1.6618,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81068785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"18","first_page":"10464","last_page":"10464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-farm","display_name":"smart farm","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-cultivation","display_name":"greenhouse cultivation","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paprika","display_name":"paprika","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-data-prediction","display_name":"sensor data prediction","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking-ensemble","display_name":"stacking ensemble","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-temperature-prediction","display_name":"air temperature prediction","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lstm","display_name":"LSTM","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-lstm","display_name":"bidirectional LSTM","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gru","display_name":"GRU","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-korea","display_name":"South Korea","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5956758260726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5917395949363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4972875416278839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.488917738199234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.44646596908569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.434139609336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3640822172164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3523784875869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3414025902748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24500775337219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12463545799255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.08682495355606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app131810464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10464/pdf?version=1695122256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cba75aae2d5f4b529410c961465ac837","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cba75aae2d5f4b529410c961465ac837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 13, Iss 18, p 10464 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app131810464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10464/pdf?version=1695122256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5418662521","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00751","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386894017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386894017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765421612","https://openalex.org/W2785421685","https://openalex.org/W2793350103","https://openalex.org/W2889552320","https://openalex.org/W2901108539","https://openalex.org/W2904462474","https://openalex.org/W2907986472","https://openalex.org/W2971168258","https://openalex.org/W2979650406","https://openalex.org/W2979950223","https://openalex.org/W2980434023","https://openalex.org/W2981581709","https://openalex.org/W2984455290","https://openalex.org/W2990597424","https://openalex.org/W2991198822","https://openalex.org/W2996218582","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3003395231","https://openalex.org/W3007075806","https://openalex.org/W3008496980","https://openalex.org/W3011249753","https://openalex.org/W3012207568","https://openalex.org/W3016414288","https://openalex.org/W3019251610","https://openalex.org/W3034133373","https://openalex.org/W3037352346","https://openalex.org/W3048522289","https://openalex.org/W3112840199","https://openalex.org/W3123815889","https://openalex.org/W3133181227","https://openalex.org/W3155397358","https://openalex.org/W3164354402","https://openalex.org/W3170851865","https://openalex.org/W3173471016","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3194223064","https://openalex.org/W3198206641","https://openalex.org/W3206850193","https://openalex.org/W4200371164","https://openalex.org/W4200488444","https://openalex.org/W4205437586","https://openalex.org/W4206286262","https://openalex.org/W4220933766","https://openalex.org/W4221038774","https://openalex.org/W4226060831","https://openalex.org/W4281616793","https://openalex.org/W4281674262","https://openalex.org/W4284663308","https://openalex.org/W4289546782","https://openalex.org/W4295062684","https://openalex.org/W4307269446","https://openalex.org/W4308531781","https://openalex.org/W4308842075","https://openalex.org/W4320729345","https://openalex.org/W4366283456","https://openalex.org/W4366684515","https://openalex.org/W4385619244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125713849","https://openalex.org/W2795020760","https://openalex.org/W2751256469","https://openalex.org/W3088429291","https://openalex.org/W4409207140","https://openalex.org/W3134581446","https://openalex.org/W2616871859","https://openalex.org/W4404669194","https://openalex.org/W2323017042","https://openalex.org/W4403980487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"food":[1],"security":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"of":[5,45,99,120,165,179,194,214,281,319,338,348,363,368],"paramount":[6],"importance":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,42,92,106,185,209,239,271,398],"the":[10,16,35,43,55,93,129,141,149,163,173,177,186,191,211,218,234,258,279,282,287,297,303,320,350,359,366,376,394,404],"rising":[11],"global":[12],"population.":[13],"In":[14,52,138,393],"particular,":[15],"agriculture":[17],"sector":[18],"in":[19,34,172,190,312,346,382],"South":[20,53],"Korea":[21],"faces":[22],"several":[23],"challenges":[24],"such":[25,197],"as":[26,48,198,268,296],"an":[27,134],"aging":[28],"farming":[29,122,143],"population":[30],"and":[31,70,78,102,117,162,202,252,266,294,310,354,379,413],"a":[32,49,273,301,334,344],"decline":[33],"labor":[36],"force.":[37],"These":[38],"issues":[39],"have":[40],"led":[41],"recognition":[44],"smart":[46,56,180,215,221],"farms":[47,181,216],"potential":[50],"solution.":[51],"Korea,":[54],"farm":[57,169,222],"is":[58,83,111,128,145,155,182,343],"divided":[59],"into":[60],"three":[61,339],"generations.":[62],"The":[63,124],"first":[64,187,219],"generation":[65,213,220],"primarily":[66,183],"concentrates":[67],"on":[68,91,257,286],"monitoring":[69],"controlling":[71],"precise":[72,114],"cultivation":[73,115,384],"environments":[74,385],"by":[75,402],"leveraging":[76],"information":[77],"communication":[79],"technologies":[80,196],"(ICT).":[81],"This":[82,110,154],"aimed":[84],"at":[85],"enhancing":[86],"convenience":[87],"for":[88,151,167,316,358,389],"farmers.":[89],"Moving":[90],"second":[94,212],"generation,":[95,131,188],"it":[96],"takes":[97],"advantage":[98],"big":[100,200],"data":[101,227,250,322,332,352,405],"artificial":[103],"intelligence":[104],"(AI)":[105],"achieve":[107],"improved":[108],"productivity.":[109],"achieved":[112],"through":[113,158],"management":[116,160],"automated":[118],"control":[119],"various":[121,168,370,419],"processes.":[123],"most":[125],"advanced":[126,195],"level":[127],"3rd":[130],"which":[132],"represents":[133],"intelligent":[135],"robotic":[136],"farm.":[137],"this":[139,206,327],"stage,":[140],"entire":[142],"process":[144],"autonomously":[146],"managed":[147],"without":[148],"need":[150],"human":[152],"intervention.":[153],"made":[156],"possible":[157],"energy":[159],"systems":[161],"use":[164],"robots":[166],"operations.":[170],"However,":[171,326],"current":[174],"Korean":[175],"context,":[176],"adoption":[178],"limited":[184,192],"resulting":[189],"utilization":[193],"AI,":[199],"data,":[201,412],"cloud":[203],"computing.":[204],"Therefore,":[205,341],"research":[207,416],"aims":[208],"develop":[210],"within":[217],"environment.":[223],"To":[224,277],"accomplish":[225],"this,":[226],"was":[228],"collected":[229,259,329],"from":[230],"nine":[231,330,377],"sensors":[232,378],"spanning":[233],"period":[235,337],"between":[236],"20":[237],"June":[238],"30":[240],"September.":[241],"Following":[242],"that,":[243],"we":[244,262,290,396],"conducted":[245],"kernel":[246],"density":[247],"estimation":[248],"analysis,":[249,251],"correlation":[253],"heatmap":[254],"analysis":[255,355],"based":[256,285],"data.":[260],"Subsequently,":[261],"utilized":[263,291],"LSTM,":[264,292,308],"BI-LSTM,":[265,293,309],"GRU":[267,295,311],"base":[269],"models":[270],"construct":[272],"stacking":[274,304],"ensemble":[275,305],"model.":[276],"assess":[278],"performance":[280,314],"proposed":[283],"model":[284,306,390],"analyzed":[288],"results,":[289],"existing":[298],"models.":[299],"As":[300],"result,":[302],"outperformed":[307],"all":[313],"metrics":[315],"predicting":[317],"one":[318],"sensor":[321,331,411],"variables,":[323],"air":[324],"temperature.":[325],"study":[328],"over":[333],"relatively":[335],"short":[336],"months.":[340],"there":[342],"limitation":[345],"terms":[347],"considering":[349],"long-term":[351],"collection":[353,406],"that":[356,417],"accounts":[357],"unique":[360],"seasonal":[361],"characteristics":[362],"Korea.":[364],"Additionally,":[365],"challenge":[367],"including":[369],"environmental":[371,420],"factors":[372],"influencing":[373],"crops":[374,388],"beyond":[375],"conducting":[380,414],"experiments":[381],"diverse":[383,409],"with":[386],"different":[387],"generalization":[391],"remains.":[392],"future,":[395],"plan":[397],"address":[399],"these":[400],"limitations":[401],"extending":[403],"period,":[407],"acquiring":[408],"additional":[410],"further":[415],"considers":[418],"variables.":[421]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-09-21T00:00:00"}
