{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386874342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","title":"An Efficient Character-Level Adversarial Attack Inspired by Textual Variations in Online Social Media Platforms","display_name":"An Efficient Character-Level Adversarial Attack Inspired by Textual Variations in Online Social Media Platforms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386874342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/csse.2023.040159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","pdf_url":"https://www.techscience.com/csse/online/detail/19414/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214087","display_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","issn_l":"0267-6192","issn":["0267-6192","2766-4821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.techscience.com/csse/online/detail/19414/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062476532","display_name":"Jebran Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-1149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-1149"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jebran Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea","Department of Arti cial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Arti cial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054978804","display_name":"Kashif Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-9275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-9275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100923","display_name":"Munster Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xpqh61","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashif Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068333871","display_name":"Kyung-Ah Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-1188","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-1188"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Ah Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea","Department of So ware and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea","Department of Arti cial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of So ware and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Arti cial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068333871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48290489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"2869","last_page":"2894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-examples","display_name":"adversarial examples","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-variants","display_name":"textual variants","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-vocabulary-words","display_name":"out-of-vocabulary words","score":0.9729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8347420692443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7924145460128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6898094415664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6350995898246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5461300015449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5257107615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.5192994475364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5092517137527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.45071256160736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3818098306655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1912388801574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14872735738754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.08859696984291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/csse.2023.040159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","pdf_url":"https://www.techscience.com/csse/online/detail/19414/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214087","display_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","issn_l":"0267-6192","issn":["0267-6192","2766-4821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/csse.2023.040159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.040159","pdf_url":"https://www.techscience.com/csse/online/detail/19414/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214087","display_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","issn_l":"0267-6192","issn":["0267-6192","2766-4821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Systems Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1251031942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK 21 four","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2526985016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF5199991014091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G30685149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4105053546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF5199991014091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G764759401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1007434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8460088749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1007434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386874342.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386874342.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479855108","https://openalex.org/W1520449809","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2001653897","https://openalex.org/W2296725598","https://openalex.org/W2344365922","https://openalex.org/W2594590228","https://openalex.org/W2609368435","https://openalex.org/W2735135478","https://openalex.org/W2767899794","https://openalex.org/W2781589167","https://openalex.org/W2799007037","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2811010710","https://openalex.org/W2905526464","https://openalex.org/W2911128259","https://openalex.org/W2947415936","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2952984539","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962782614","https://openalex.org/W2962816513","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2988194011","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3015001695","https://openalex.org/W3023533951","https://openalex.org/W3023553115","https://openalex.org/W3035773252","https://openalex.org/W3043962629","https://openalex.org/W3084992427","https://openalex.org/W3092347010","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W3105604018","https://openalex.org/W3106196307","https://openalex.org/W3169948074","https://openalex.org/W3198274448","https://openalex.org/W3210431426","https://openalex.org/W4221145150","https://openalex.org/W4221158433","https://openalex.org/W4281295413","https://openalex.org/W4288647574","https://openalex.org/W4312398513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415968395","https://openalex.org/W4367276233","https://openalex.org/W4221145150","https://openalex.org/W7117238635","https://openalex.org/W4385573638","https://openalex.org/W4285355735","https://openalex.org/W4389370822","https://openalex.org/W4392254202","https://openalex.org/W3115038000","https://openalex.org/W4296960188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,157],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,36,69,85,92,119,144,153,160,189,197],"growing":[4],"popularity":[5],"of":[6,31,38,80,91,146,196],"social":[7,22,60,108],"media":[8,61,109],"platforms":[9,110],"has":[10,201],"led":[11],"to":[12,28,35,67,96,135,142,169],"several":[13],"interesting":[14],"natural":[15],"language":[16],"processing":[17],"(NLP)":[18],"applications.":[19],"However,":[20],"these":[21],"media-based":[23],"NLP":[24,43],"applications":[25],"are":[26,65,167],"subject":[27],"different":[29],"types":[30],"adversarial":[32,51,98,171,199],"attacks":[33,200],"due":[34],"vulnerabilities":[37],"machine":[39],"learning":[40,155],"(ML)":[41],"and":[42,77,82],"techniques.":[44],"This":[45],"work":[46],"presents":[47],"a":[48,177,185],"new":[49],"low-level":[50],"attack":[52],"recipe":[53],"inspired":[54],"by":[55,101,128],"textual":[56,125,150,165],"variations":[57,64,126,151,166],"in":[58,84,104,115,130,139,208],"online":[59,131],"communication.":[62],"These":[63],"generated":[66],"convey":[68],"message":[70],"using":[71],"out-of-vocabulary":[72],"words":[73,83],"based":[74],"on":[75,107,152,204],"visual":[76],"phonetic":[78],"similarities":[79],"characters":[81],"shortest":[86],"possible":[87,121,191],"form.":[88],"The":[89,123,194],"intuition":[90],"proposed":[93,198],"scheme":[94],"is":[95],"generate":[97,170],"examples":[99],"influenced":[100],"human":[102,113],"cognition":[103],"text":[105,116,141],"generation":[106],"while":[111],"preserving":[112],"robustness":[114],"understanding":[117],"with":[118],"fewest":[120],"perturbations.":[122],"intentional":[124],"introduced":[127,176],"users":[129],"communication":[132],"motivate":[133],"us":[134],"replicate":[136],"such":[137,147],"trends":[138],"attacking":[140],"see":[143],"effects":[145],"widely":[148],"used":[149,164],"deep":[154],"classifiers.":[156],"this":[158,174],"work,":[159],"four":[161,205],"most":[162],"commonly":[163],"chosen":[168],"examples.":[172],"Moreover,":[173],"article":[175],"word":[178],"importance":[179],"ranking-based":[180],"beam":[181],"search":[182],"algorithm":[183],"as":[184],"searching":[186],"method":[187],"for":[188],"best":[190],"perturbation":[192],"selection.":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"been":[202],"demonstrated":[203],"benchmark":[206],"datasets":[207],"an":[209],"extensive":[210],"experimental":[211],"setup.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-09-20T00:00:00"}