{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386690933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","title":"Stabilization of Soft Clay with Sustainable Binders for Dry Deep Mixing Design","display_name":"Stabilization of Soft Clay with Sustainable Binders for Dry Deep Mixing Design","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386690933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1520/gtj20220255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186224356","display_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","issn_l":"0149-6115","issn":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/2019bdfe-d55d-4815-8a9a-f1294f60d9a7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025360428","display_name":"Alejandra L\u00f3pez Ram\u00edrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandra L\u00f3pez Ram\u00edrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 1 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 1 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland (Corresponding author), e-mail: alejandra.lopezramirez@aalto.fi , ORCID link for author moved to before name tags https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1989"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 1 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 1 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland (Corresponding author), e-mail: alejandra.lopezramirez@aalto.fi , ORCID link for author moved to before name tags https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1989","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063492152","display_name":"Yinning Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062632316","display_name":"Juha A. Forsman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8557-4916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8557-4916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131733","display_name":"Ramboll (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bsv7x15","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096927","https://openalex.org/I4210131733"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Forsman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ramboll Finland Oy 3 , Itsehallintokuja 3, P.O. Box 25, FI-02601, Espoo ,","Ramboll Finland Oy 3 , Itsehallintokuja 3, P.O. Box 25, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ramboll Finland Oy 3 , Itsehallintokuja 3, P.O. Box 25, FI-02601, Espoo ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ramboll Finland Oy 3 , Itsehallintokuja 3, P.O. Box 25, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131733"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056963835","display_name":"Leena Korkiala-Tanttu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-7218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-7218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leena Korkiala-Tanttu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150 Espoo ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University 2 , Rakentajanaukio 4, P.O. Box 11000, FI-02150Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8712177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"314","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-clay-stabilization","display_name":"soft clay stabilization","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbon-binders","display_name":"low-carbon binders","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lime-kiln-dust","display_name":"lime kiln dust","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-fly-ash","display_name":"biomass fly ash","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gypsum","display_name":"gypsum","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blast-furnace-slag","display_name":"blast furnace slag","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniaxial-compressive-strength","display_name":"uniaxial compressive strength","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-embankments","display_name":"road embankments","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-factors","display_name":"emission factors","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-soil-stabilization","display_name":"sustainable soil stabilization","score":0.5759999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.7618516683578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47276097536087036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020601295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36133","display_name":"Clay soil","level":3,"score":0.4574609696865082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780189059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4185001","display_name":"Soil stabilization","level":3,"score":0.4132216274738312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36711007356643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32933443784713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.2920401692390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.19345906376838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1520/gtj20220255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186224356","display_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","issn_l":"0149-6115","issn":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/134411","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/2019bdfe-d55d-4815-8a9a-f1294f60d9a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/134411","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/2019bdfe-d55d-4815-8a9a-f1294f60d9a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6773999929428101,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019182439","https://openalex.org/W1963830332","https://openalex.org/W1996250975","https://openalex.org/W2055077055","https://openalex.org/W2059404220","https://openalex.org/W2111174096","https://openalex.org/W2477316904","https://openalex.org/W2551958877","https://openalex.org/W2557955452","https://openalex.org/W2613058576","https://openalex.org/W2799367808","https://openalex.org/W2889573857","https://openalex.org/W2889761873","https://openalex.org/W2981875312","https://openalex.org/W3138191705","https://openalex.org/W3158515209","https://openalex.org/W3217353993","https://openalex.org/W4206898747","https://openalex.org/W4242427473","https://openalex.org/W4281257258","https://openalex.org/W4294816496","https://openalex.org/W4311360144","https://openalex.org/W7053381964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318716615","https://openalex.org/W4311360144","https://openalex.org/W4281257258","https://openalex.org/W4404659472","https://openalex.org/W7027948336","https://openalex.org/W2557955452","https://openalex.org/W4404659480","https://openalex.org/W7118133094","https://openalex.org/W4392506354","https://openalex.org/W7172304614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Dry":[1],"deep":[2],"mixing":[3],"(DDM)":[4],"is":[5,28,218],"a":[6,31,42,64,212,221,225],"soil":[7],"stabilization":[8],"method":[9],"widely":[10],"used":[11],"in":[12,21,41,69,115,140],"countries":[13],"with":[14,91,251],"large":[15,53],"soft":[16,87],"clay":[17,88],"areas,":[18],"such":[19,182],"as":[20,134,136,183],"the":[22,75,102,170,187,192,199,236],"Nordic":[23],"countries.":[24],"In":[25,207],"Finland,":[26],"DDM":[27,174,222],"performed":[29,146],"using":[30],"binder":[32,152,205],"material":[33],"that":[34,180,242],"commonly":[35],"consists":[36],"of":[37,55,57,77,84,101,166],"cement":[38,51,139],"and":[39,50,97,138,159,162,191,228],"lime":[40,49,120,137],"50:50":[43],"or":[44],"30:70":[45],"ratio.":[46],"However,":[47],"both":[48],"generate":[52],"amounts":[54],"emissions":[56,95,215,231],"carbon":[58],"dioxide,":[59],"which":[60,118],"has":[61],"led":[62],"to":[63,168,209],"shift":[65],"toward":[66],"alternative":[67,108,244],"materials":[68],"recent":[70],"years.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"presents":[74],"results":[76,178,240],"an":[78],"extensive":[79],"testing":[80],"program":[81],"where":[82],"samples":[83,148],"Finnish":[85],"sensitive":[86],"are":[89,233],"stabilized":[90,149],"eight":[92],"different":[93,111,151,204,230],"low":[94,252],"binders":[96,109,181,202,245],"tested":[98],"by":[99],"means":[100],"uniaxial":[103],"compression":[104],"strength":[105,197],"test.":[106],"The":[107,143,177,239],"comprise":[110],"by-products":[112],"and/or":[113],"pozzolanas":[114],"varied":[116],"percentages,":[117],"include":[119],"kiln":[121],"dust":[122],"(LKD),":[123],"biomass-based":[124],"fly":[125],"ash":[126],"from":[127],"bioenergy":[128],"production,":[129],"gypsum,":[130],"blast":[131,184],"furnace":[132,185],"slag,":[133],"well":[135],"reduced":[141],"amounts.":[142],"tests":[144],"were":[145],"on":[147],"at":[150,203],"densities":[153,172],"(60,":[154],"70,":[155],"100,":[156],"120,":[157],"140,":[158],"160":[160],"kg/m3)":[161],"after":[163],"28":[164],"days":[165],"curing":[167],"determine":[169],"optimum":[171],"for":[173,220,235],"design":[175,223],"purposes.":[176],"showed":[179,241],"cement,":[186],"cement-":[188],"quicklime-gypsum":[189],"(33:33:33),":[190],"LKD-cement":[193],"(50:50)":[194],"exhibited":[195],"higher":[196],"than":[198],"traditional":[200],"lime/cement":[201],"densities.":[206],"addition":[208],"these":[210],"results,":[211],"simplified":[213],"CO2":[214,253],"calculation":[216],"procedure":[217],"proposed":[219],"supporting":[224],"road":[226],"embankment,":[227],"two":[229],"factors":[232],"obtained":[234],"investigated":[237],"binders.":[238],"some":[243],"can":[246],"provide":[247],"high":[248],"binding":[249],"efficiency":[250],"emissions.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-09-13T00:00:00"}
