{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386620528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","title":"Static and Dynamic Electrical Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Static and Dynamic Electrical Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386620528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16186503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6503/pdf?version=1694492872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6503/pdf?version=1694492872","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092849556","display_name":"Haniyeh Marefatjouikilevaee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392021119","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Energie Electrique de Nantes Atlantique","ror":"https://ror.org/00z2bca79","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260337","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes","ror":"https://ror.org/03kjmz544","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haniyeh Marefatjouikilevaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040318267","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois A. Auger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-1784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-1784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392021119","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Energie Electrique de Nantes Atlantique","ror":"https://ror.org/00z2bca79","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260337","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes","ror":"https://ror.org/03kjmz544","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois Auger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-1784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034809935","display_name":"Jean-Christophe Olivier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-2232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-2232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392021119","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Energie Electrique de Nantes Atlantique","ror":"https://ror.org/00z2bca79","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260337","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes","ror":"https://ror.org/03kjmz544","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Christophe Olivier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-2232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en \u00c9nergie \u00c9lectrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Universit\u00e9, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392021119","https://openalex.org/I4405260337","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":2.8507,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91936914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"18","first_page":"6503","last_page":"6503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.023099999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-water-electrolysis","display_name":"proton exchange membrane water electrolysis","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-modeling","display_name":"electrical modeling","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-model","display_name":"dynamic model","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-model","display_name":"static model","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-production","display_name":"hydrogen production","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"polarization","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-voltage-characteristics","display_name":"current-voltage characteristics","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyser-efficiency","display_name":"electrolyser efficiency","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-transfer","display_name":"mass transfer","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"diffusion","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-response","display_name":"transient response","score":0.9290000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4555034637451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.44387349486351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4393608868122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.43320202827453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.42244529724121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4200349450111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2890651226043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16566309332847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.1154782772064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16186503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6503/pdf?version=1694492872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04204945v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04204945","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04204945v1/file/energies-16-06503-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, 2023, 16 (18), pp.6503. ⟨10.3390/en16186503⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:18:p:6503-:d:1236330","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6503/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87e713565b92444d93916a9bba00118f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87e713565b92444d93916a9bba00118f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 16, Iss 18, p 6503 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16186503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6503/pdf?version=1694492872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8924000263214111,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386620528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386620528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23030657","https://openalex.org/W1218133119","https://openalex.org/W1874113446","https://openalex.org/W1965220603","https://openalex.org/W1966396751","https://openalex.org/W1967261324","https://openalex.org/W1968410221","https://openalex.org/W1974632619","https://openalex.org/W1986758359","https://openalex.org/W1988996586","https://openalex.org/W1994462070","https://openalex.org/W1995326849","https://openalex.org/W2010450300","https://openalex.org/W2011328032","https://openalex.org/W2011570463","https://openalex.org/W2017314299","https://openalex.org/W2019410740","https://openalex.org/W2020445958","https://openalex.org/W2023111043","https://openalex.org/W2025515650","https://openalex.org/W2029352378","https://openalex.org/W2030224984","https://openalex.org/W2030505580","https://openalex.org/W2030963855","https://openalex.org/W2036699254","https://openalex.org/W2038522556","https://openalex.org/W2038601393","https://openalex.org/W2040094339","https://openalex.org/W2040269785","https://openalex.org/W2040825792","https://openalex.org/W2044307855","https://openalex.org/W2045657977","https://openalex.org/W2051520127","https://openalex.org/W2052563851","https://openalex.org/W2066616261","https://openalex.org/W2082811521","https://openalex.org/W2083427151","https://openalex.org/W2087422189","https://openalex.org/W2092672830","https://openalex.org/W2118272718","https://openalex.org/W2120622363","https://openalex.org/W2124963679","https://openalex.org/W2148224017","https://openalex.org/W2168275326","https://openalex.org/W2433032072","https://openalex.org/W2468731534","https://openalex.org/W2559479705","https://openalex.org/W2611678479","https://openalex.org/W2763767616","https://openalex.org/W2894787734","https://openalex.org/W2899034776","https://openalex.org/W2914002630","https://openalex.org/W3011231583","https://openalex.org/W3018614046","https://openalex.org/W3027648481","https://openalex.org/W3037487938","https://openalex.org/W3041723680","https://openalex.org/W3131931322","https://openalex.org/W4307234185","https://openalex.org/W4311777968","https://openalex.org/W4382140690","https://openalex.org/W4386575538","https://openalex.org/W7143366791","https://openalex.org/W7151523713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066616261","https://openalex.org/W3018614046","https://openalex.org/W2899034776","https://openalex.org/W7009579727","https://openalex.org/W7204924514","https://openalex.org/W7127371342","https://openalex.org/W4412804139","https://openalex.org/W4408660731","https://openalex.org/W2986310759","https://openalex.org/W4396671872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proton":[0],"Exchange":[1],"Membrane":[2],"(PEM)":[3],"water":[4],"electrolysers":[5],"have":[6],"gained":[7],"attention":[8],"as":[9,82],"efficient":[10],"and":[11,26,36,57,75,87,103,113],"sustainable":[12],"hydrogen":[13],"production":[14],"devices.":[15],"Understanding":[16],"their":[17,24],"electrical":[18,38,88,117],"behavior":[19],"is":[20],"crucial":[21,97],"for":[22,98],"optimizing":[23],"performance":[25,74],"control":[27],"strategies.":[28],"This":[29],"comprehensive":[30],"review":[31,91],"analyzes":[32],"both":[33],"the":[34,41,61,109],"static":[35],"dynamic":[37,43,64,105],"models,":[39],"emphasizing":[40],"often-neglected":[42],"models.":[44],"Static":[45],"models":[46,65],"reveal":[47],"steady-state":[48],"behavior,":[49],"offering":[50,119],"insights":[51],"into":[52,121],"voltage-current":[53],"characteristics,":[54],"polarization":[55],"phenomena,":[56,96],"overall":[58],"efficiency.":[59],"On":[60],"other":[62],"hand,":[63],"capture":[66],"transient":[67],"responses,":[68],"enabling":[69],"an":[70],"analysis":[71],"of":[72],"time-dependent":[73],"system":[76],"reactions":[77],"to":[78],"input":[79],"variations,":[80],"such":[81],"flow":[83],"rate,":[84],"temperature,":[85],"pressure,":[86],"potential.":[89],"The":[90],"also":[92],"addresses":[93],"overlooked":[94],"diffusion":[95],"accurate":[99],"mass":[100],"transport":[101],"dynamics":[102],"enhancing":[104],"model":[106],"accuracy.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"article":[110],"highlights":[111],"challenges":[112],"research":[114,123],"possibilities":[115],"in":[116],"modeling,":[118],"insight":[120],"future":[122],"subjects.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-09-12T00:00:00"}