{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386478150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","title":"A hybrid integrated quantum key distribution transceiver chip","display_name":"A hybrid integrated quantum key distribution transceiver chip","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386478150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738600312","display_name":"npj Quantum Information","issn_l":"2056-6387","issn":["2056-6387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Quantum Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027901988","display_name":"Joseph A. Dolphin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-8647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-8647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A. Dolphin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK","Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-8647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067303277","display_name":"Taofiq K. Para\u00efso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7713-6609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7713-6609"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taofiq K. Para\u00efso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7713-6609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046141608","display_name":"Han Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-7789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-7789"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019665288","display_name":"Robert I. Woodward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-494X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-494X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert I. Woodward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-494X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085890493","display_name":"Davide G. Marangon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2822-9395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2822-9395"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide G. Marangon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106892238","display_name":"Andrew J. Shields","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-3489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-3489"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Shields","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd, 208 Cambridge Science Park Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027901988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":4.0535,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95176784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-integration","display_name":"hybrid integration","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-nitride-waveguides","display_name":"silicon nitride waveguides","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-photonic-circuits","display_name":"quantum photonic circuits","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-bit-error-rate","display_name":"quantum bit error rate","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-key-rate","display_name":"secret key rate","score":0.8190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.7559524178504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.6670176386833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22799297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Photonic integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.5676695704460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5662157535552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5296090841293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48090410232543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.44257792830467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4257745146751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4122549295425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4065994322299957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.3726336359977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2872171401977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27991461753845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16365313529968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1430051624774933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10634997487068176}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738600312","display_name":"npj Quantum Information","issn_l":"2056-6387","issn":["2056-6387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Quantum Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.02238","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.02238","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.02238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/356935","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/356935","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/0cadb11a-3726-4944-af2b-fe0184e8f69d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/361216","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/361216","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/d158929c-c9b9-4001-87af-073a87ea8a6a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3541414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-023-00751-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-023-00751-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff21371cef7e4887be576b44c792ee2c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff21371cef7e4887be576b44c792ee2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Quantum Information, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.02238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.02238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.02238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00751-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738600312","display_name":"npj Quantum Information","issn_l":"2056-6387","issn":["2056-6387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Quantum Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320267","display_name":"Toshiba of Europe","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1716995571","https://openalex.org/W2003762972","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2055378591","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2136708729","https://openalex.org/W2170970213","https://openalex.org/W2473315843","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2540726088","https://openalex.org/W2566117101","https://openalex.org/W2785482895","https://openalex.org/W2796565641","https://openalex.org/W2886586330","https://openalex.org/W2901868604","https://openalex.org/W2908383045","https://openalex.org/W2933780027","https://openalex.org/W2934160764","https://openalex.org/W2950781763","https://openalex.org/W2963795070","https://openalex.org/W2964583550","https://openalex.org/W2967170242","https://openalex.org/W2969908868","https://openalex.org/W2976349407","https://openalex.org/W2986325278","https://openalex.org/W2991441573","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3004487057","https://openalex.org/W3015390178","https://openalex.org/W3020268068","https://openalex.org/W3034295870","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3042774894","https://openalex.org/W3099562605","https://openalex.org/W3118428022","https://openalex.org/W3130725666","https://openalex.org/W3130843939","https://openalex.org/W3175892255","https://openalex.org/W3178340900","https://openalex.org/W3205271009","https://openalex.org/W4200081998","https://openalex.org/W4211120542","https://openalex.org/W4283022648","https://openalex.org/W4320884154","https://openalex.org/W4324344181","https://openalex.org/W4360977772","https://openalex.org/W4362697823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164009015","https://openalex.org/W4385365713","https://openalex.org/W4393174771","https://openalex.org/W4200081998","https://openalex.org/W7171521253","https://openalex.org/W7127954102","https://openalex.org/W7214640798","https://openalex.org/W2576311069","https://openalex.org/W3042774894","https://openalex.org/W2566117101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Quantum":[1],"photonic":[2,82,135],"technologies,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"quantum":[6,60,91,134],"key":[7,61,116],"distribution,":[8],"are":[9],"already":[10],"benefiting":[11],"greatly":[12],"from":[13],"the":[14,20,31,34,67,127,138],"rise":[15],"of":[16,24,33,47,70,81,105,122,130,141],"integrated":[17],"photonics.":[18,142],"However,":[19],"flexibility":[21],"in":[22],"design":[23],"these":[25],"systems":[26],"is":[27],"often":[28],"restricted":[29],"by":[30,43],"properties":[32,69],"integration":[35,46,132],"material":[36],"platforms.":[37],"Here,":[38],"we":[39],"overcome":[40],"this":[41],"choice":[42],"using":[44],"hybrid":[45,131],"ultra-low-loss":[48],"silicon":[49],"nitride":[50],"waveguides":[51],"with":[52,89],"indium":[53],"phosphide":[54],"electro-optic":[55],"modulators":[56],"to":[57,66,75,119],"produce":[58],"high-performance":[59],"distribution":[62],"transceiver":[63],"chips.":[64],"Access":[65],"best":[68],"both":[71],"materials":[72],"allows":[73],"us":[74],"achieve":[76],"active":[77],"encoding":[78],"and":[79,88,113,137],"decoding":[80],"qubits":[83],"on-chip":[84],"at":[85],"GHz":[86],"speeds":[87],"sub-1%":[90],"bit":[92,103],"error":[93],"rates":[94,104,117],"over":[95,108],"long":[96],"fibre":[97],"distances.":[98],"We":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"bidirectional":[101],"secure":[102,115],"1.82":[106],"Mbps":[107],"10":[109],"dB":[110],"channel":[111],"attenuation":[112],"positive":[114],"out":[118],"250":[120],"km":[121],"fibre.":[123],"The":[124],"results":[125],"support":[126],"imminent":[128],"utility":[129],"for":[133],"circuits":[136],"wider":[139],"field":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2023-09-07T00:00:00"}