{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386426518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","title":"Which Mexicans Are White? Enumerator-Assigned Race in the 1930 Census and the Socioeconomic Integration of Mexican Americans","display_name":"Which Mexicans Are White? Enumerator-Assigned Race in the 1930 Census and the Socioeconomic Integration of Mexican Americans","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386426518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w31623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026827464","display_name":"Brian Duncan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-6237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-6237"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Duncan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of Colorado Denver Campus Box 181 P.O. Box 173364 Denver, CO 80217-3364","Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin, TX 78712","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Colorado Denver Campus Box 181 P.O. Box 173364 Denver, CO 80217-3364","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin, TX 78712","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040562341","display_name":"Stephen J. Trejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-5613","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-5613","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Trejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin , TX 78712 and","Department of Economics University of Colorado Denver Campus Box 181 P.O. Box 173364 Denver, CO 80217-3364","Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin, TX 78712","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin , TX 78712 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Colorado Denver Campus Box 181 P.O. Box 173364 Denver, CO 80217-3364","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin 2225 Speedway Stop C3100 Austin, TX 78712","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12242","display_name":"Latin American and Latino Studies","score":0.3416000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12242","display_name":"Latin American and Latino Studies","score":0.3416000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.2240000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.17069999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-americans","display_name":"Mexican Americans","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1930-census","display_name":"1930 census","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-misclassification","display_name":"racial misclassification","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-integration","display_name":"socio-economic integration","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-migration","display_name":"return migration","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-immigrants","display_name":"Mexican immigrants","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census-enumeration","display_name":"census enumeration","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-classification","display_name":"racial classification","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/county-level-variation","display_name":"county-level variation","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.836348831653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.8298079371452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7596344947814941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.6215200424194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15672241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463769","display_name":"American Community Survey","level":4,"score":0.5409960746765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.47266802191734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.47104811668395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.4223138391971588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.250691294670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.24034857749938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.2216692566871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.09833267331123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.05720445513725281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.04729631543159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w31623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w31623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w31623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386426518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386426518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591668564","https://openalex.org/W1989355469","https://openalex.org/W1993133491","https://openalex.org/W2046990074","https://openalex.org/W2054188398","https://openalex.org/W2089313019","https://openalex.org/W2094883714","https://openalex.org/W2114090089","https://openalex.org/W2140044934","https://openalex.org/W2164332874","https://openalex.org/W2617301608","https://openalex.org/W2774978995","https://openalex.org/W2808673414","https://openalex.org/W2945441234","https://openalex.org/W2981786882","https://openalex.org/W3089890530","https://openalex.org/W3122635518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387257774","https://openalex.org/W1597040535","https://openalex.org/W7099253594","https://openalex.org/W3096880146","https://openalex.org/W2326422476","https://openalex.org/W4406615762","https://openalex.org/W2739441390","https://openalex.org/W7203781878","https://openalex.org/W7024022419","https://openalex.org/W2010186966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"authors":[1],"explore":[2],"unique":[3],"complete-count":[4],"data":[5],"from":[6],"the":[7,24,55,88,97,101,110,126],"1930":[8],"Census":[9,67,99],"in":[10,96],"which":[11],"a":[12,32,41,51],"respondent's":[13],"race":[14,45],"was":[15,21],"assigned":[16,31],"by":[17,106],"enumerators":[18,27,68],"and":[19,29,58,80,100],"\"Mexican\"":[20],"one":[22],"of":[23,38,54,91,103,128],"possible":[25],"responses.Census":[26],"frequently":[28],"selectively":[30],"non-Mexican":[33],"race-predominantly":[34],"\"white\"to":[35],"U.S.-born":[36,92],"individuals":[37],"Mexican":[39,48,71,93,107,129],"ancestry.As":[40],"result,":[42],"using":[43],"enumerator-assigned":[44],"to":[46,69,117],"identify":[47,70,118],"Americans":[49,72,94],"misses":[50],"sizeable":[52],"fraction":[53],"relevant":[56],"population":[57],"significantly":[59],"understates":[60],"this":[61,81,113],"group's":[62],"socioeconomic":[63],"attainment.The":[64],"propensity":[65],"for":[66,125],"as":[73],"white":[74],"varied":[75],"enormously":[76],"across":[77],"U.S.":[78],"counties,":[79],"variation":[82,114],"is":[83],"strongly":[84],"associated":[85],"with":[86],"both":[87],"educational":[89],"attainment":[90],"observed":[95],"1940":[98],"amount":[102],"return":[104],"migration":[105],"immigrants":[108],"during":[109],"1930s.As":[111],"such,":[112],"may":[115],"help":[116],"local":[119],"environments":[120],"that":[121],"were":[122],"more":[123],"favorable":[124],"integration":[127],"Americans.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2023-09-05T00:00:00"}
