{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386309111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","title":"Motherhood or marriage penalty? A comparative perspective on employment and wage in East Asia and Western countries","display_name":"Motherhood or marriage penalty? A comparative perspective on employment and wage in East Asia and Western countries","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386309111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/fare.12935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/fare.12935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166157821","display_name":"Family Relations","issn_l":"0197-6664","issn":["0197-6664","1741-3729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/fare.12935","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065747878","display_name":"Ji Young Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-294X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-294X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ji Young Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Welfare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon City, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-294X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Welfare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon City, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075705416","display_name":"Wonjin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-9274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-9274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128103","display_name":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/03737pq38","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097958","https://openalex.org/I4210128103"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonjin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong City, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-9274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong City, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060493421","display_name":"Sunyu Ham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128103","display_name":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/03737pq38","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097958","https://openalex.org/I4210128103"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunyu Ham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong City, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong City, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025591798","display_name":"Julia Shu\u2010Huah Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-8242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-8242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Shu\u2010Huah Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-8242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065747878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95994638,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"1","first_page":"223","last_page":"246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10722","display_name":"Work-Family Balance Challenges","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motherhood-penalty","display_name":"motherhood penalty","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marriage-penalty","display_name":"marriage penalty","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-wages","display_name":"women's wages","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-income","display_name":"labor income","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asian-welfare-states","display_name":"East Asian welfare states","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asia","display_name":"East Asia","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-welfare-states","display_name":"Western welfare states","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality-in-labor-markets","display_name":"gender inequality in labor markets","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76775654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231","display_name":"East Asia","level":3,"score":0.8366776704788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.6007150411605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.5962417125701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5435365438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.504330039024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4477255642414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4347783625125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2958424687385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.268579363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.2591668367385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.19220685958862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/fare.12935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/fare.12935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166157821","display_name":"Family Relations","issn_l":"0197-6664","issn":["0197-6664","1741-3729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/348480","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/348480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/fare.12935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12935","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/fare.12935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166157821","display_name":"Family Relations","issn_l":"0197-6664","issn":["0197-6664","1741-3729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386309111.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386309111.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1694099580","https://openalex.org/W1839079458","https://openalex.org/W1968707051","https://openalex.org/W1994724028","https://openalex.org/W2013919874","https://openalex.org/W2027628842","https://openalex.org/W2037551421","https://openalex.org/W2067662305","https://openalex.org/W2081463433","https://openalex.org/W2085334505","https://openalex.org/W2096898042","https://openalex.org/W2104445893","https://openalex.org/W2115703300","https://openalex.org/W2117476852","https://openalex.org/W2117864052","https://openalex.org/W2119387297","https://openalex.org/W2129498279","https://openalex.org/W2135590639","https://openalex.org/W2137504967","https://openalex.org/W2137564947","https://openalex.org/W2144095383","https://openalex.org/W2150035702","https://openalex.org/W2157207849","https://openalex.org/W2162109934","https://openalex.org/W2178193660","https://openalex.org/W2217523906","https://openalex.org/W2239244430","https://openalex.org/W2315084612","https://openalex.org/W2316007160","https://openalex.org/W2527495254","https://openalex.org/W2551245240","https://openalex.org/W2605038791","https://openalex.org/W2741436076","https://openalex.org/W2752305323","https://openalex.org/W2803688336","https://openalex.org/W2891489865","https://openalex.org/W2893150738","https://openalex.org/W2904739355","https://openalex.org/W2905786523","https://openalex.org/W2912858299","https://openalex.org/W2923567981","https://openalex.org/W2940794880","https://openalex.org/W2954192608","https://openalex.org/W3001611070","https://openalex.org/W3011666006","https://openalex.org/W3126034453","https://openalex.org/W4206982184","https://openalex.org/W4234923822","https://openalex.org/W4238174533","https://openalex.org/W4246939294","https://openalex.org/W4300963455","https://openalex.org/W4323529258","https://openalex.org/W4323529291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7067418840","https://openalex.org/W4323529258","https://openalex.org/W2008261228","https://openalex.org/W4386264006","https://openalex.org/W2092649963","https://openalex.org/W4284713899","https://openalex.org/W2904739355","https://openalex.org/W4402483884","https://openalex.org/W2315084612","https://openalex.org/W4220876043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective":[1],"This":[2],"study":[3],"examined":[4],"cross\u2010national":[5],"variations":[6],"in":[7,34,109,116,121,150,183,193,212],"marriage":[8,173],"and":[9,14,24,46,67,71,74,85,88,98,133,152,174,181,197,209],"motherhood":[10,28,53,160,175,182,198],"penalties":[11,161,176],"between":[12,95],"Western":[13,39,96,122,194],"East":[15,35,99,110,164,184,213],"Asian":[16,100,111,165,185,214],"countries.":[17,41,123,163,215],"Background":[18],"Little":[19],"is":[20,127],"known":[21],"about":[22],"how":[23],"to":[25,38,51,119,137,170],"what":[26],"extent":[27],"affects":[29],"women's":[30,206],"labor":[31,47,131],"market":[32],"outcomes":[33],"Asia":[36],"compared":[37,118],"welfare":[40,101],"We":[42,56],"examine":[43],"employment,":[44],"wage,":[45],"income":[48,132],"with":[49,107,129,205],"regard":[50],"the":[52,58,68,140],"penalty.":[54],"Method":[55],"selected":[57],"five":[59],"countries":[60,97,112,186],"of":[61,159],"Finland,":[62],"Germany,":[63],"South":[64],"Korea,":[65],"Taiwan,":[66],"United":[69],"States":[70],"applied":[72],"probit":[73],"Heckman":[75],"selection":[76],"models":[77],"using":[78],"Luxembourg":[79],"Income":[80,89],"Study":[81],"(LIS)":[82],"Wave":[83],"IX":[84],"Korean":[86],"Labor":[87],"Panel":[90],"Survey":[91],"data.":[92],"Results":[93],"Variations":[94],"states":[102],"are":[103,113,167,199,203],"highlighted.":[104],"Married":[105],"mothers":[106],"children":[108],"greatly":[114],"disadvantaged":[115],"employment":[117,207],"those":[120,192],"Having":[124],"a":[125,147],"child":[126],"associated":[128,204],"lower":[130],"wages":[134],"by":[135],"2.9%":[136],"4.5%":[138],"across":[139,162],"countries,":[141],"but":[142],"we":[143],"do":[144],"not":[145],"find":[146],"significant":[148],"association":[149],"Germany":[151],"Korea.":[153],"Conclusion":[154],"Women":[155],"experience":[156],"various":[157],"dimensions":[158],"women":[166],"more":[168],"likely":[169],"face":[171],"both":[172],"than":[177],"others.":[178],"Implication":[179],"Marriage":[180,196],"should":[187],"be":[188],"understood":[189],"differently":[190],"from":[191],"contexts.":[195],"life":[200],"events":[201],"that":[202],"decisions":[208],"work":[210],"opportunities":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2023-09-01T00:00:00"}
