{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386041990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","title":"Pushing boundaries: An empirical view on the digital sovereignty of six governments in the midst of geopolitical tensions","display_name":"Pushing boundaries: An empirical view on the digital sovereignty of six governments in the midst of geopolitical tensions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386041990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057071733","display_name":"Bernardus Jansen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardus Jansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037666673","display_name":"Natalia I. Kadenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8831-6744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8831-6744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Kadenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059361701","display_name":"Dennis Broeders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-2814","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-2814"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Broeders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, Postbus 9500 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, Postbus 9500 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012946294","display_name":"Michel J. G. van Eeten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-2812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-2812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michel van Eeten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084107603","display_name":"Kevin Borgolte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-7852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-7852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Borgolte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University Bochum, Postfach 10 21, 4844721 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University Bochum, Postfach 10 21, 4844721 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067666349","display_name":"Tobias Fiebig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0163-5134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0163-5134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Fiebig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Saarland Informatics Campus Building E1, 466123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Saarland Informatics Campus Building E1, 466123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012946294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"apc_paid":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"fwci":49.3525,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99856322,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"101862","last_page":"101862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14282","display_name":"Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation","score":0.12370000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13983","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Information Systems","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-sovereignty","display_name":"digital sovereignty","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-websites","display_name":"government websites","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"geolocation","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitical-tensions","display_name":"geopolitical tensions","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netherlands","display_name":"Netherlands","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiwan","display_name":"Taiwan","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ukraine","display_name":"Ukraine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom","display_name":"United Kingdom","score":0.9929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.6845663785934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.618833065032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5790366530418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5470349788665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5262051224708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.5068812966346741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.48336929082870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47022128105163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3462899923324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3216778635978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29230284690856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.19301378726959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10808062553405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:feacd443-185b-4fe4-84bd-b49635cb021c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:feacd443-185b-4fe4-84bd-b49635cb021c","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_16e6ad94-b4e8-4b83-bd8a-4272457f908c","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5356549776","display_name":"Cyber Security Network of Competence Centres for Europe","funder_award_id":"830929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6384328479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"830929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G903507866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M75B07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331774","funder_display_name":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331774","display_name":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties","ror":"https://ror.org/01at1x128"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96764298","https://openalex.org/W1192504721","https://openalex.org/W1528915261","https://openalex.org/W1547295164","https://openalex.org/W2007710417","https://openalex.org/W2072334238","https://openalex.org/W2074105530","https://openalex.org/W2084997029","https://openalex.org/W2130826148","https://openalex.org/W2130850880","https://openalex.org/W2774510177","https://openalex.org/W2887292260","https://openalex.org/W2897614784","https://openalex.org/W2913821655","https://openalex.org/W2973429636","https://openalex.org/W2974342567","https://openalex.org/W3012279190","https://openalex.org/W3014391866","https://openalex.org/W3032587911","https://openalex.org/W3033981770","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3036862791","https://openalex.org/W3038565013","https://openalex.org/W3038603364","https://openalex.org/W3038662273","https://openalex.org/W3160220540","https://openalex.org/W3202487626","https://openalex.org/W3203243737","https://openalex.org/W4214539449","https://openalex.org/W4240333360","https://openalex.org/W4295800934","https://openalex.org/W4295993700","https://openalex.org/W4322744791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1539266347","https://openalex.org/W2267913355","https://openalex.org/W3018195655","https://openalex.org/W2788570199","https://openalex.org/W1958217578","https://openalex.org/W1960867961","https://openalex.org/W4234164611","https://openalex.org/W2000787479","https://openalex.org/W1575675880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"just":[1],"a":[2,23],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"the":[5,20,27,78,84,109,143,147,168],"issue":[6,16],"of":[7,124,137],"\u201cdigital":[8],"sovereignty\u201d":[9],"has":[10],"emerged":[11],"as":[12,106,108,126,128],"an":[13],"important":[14],"security":[15,28],"for":[17,40,65],"governments":[18,176],"across":[19],"globe,":[21],"reflecting":[22],"growing":[24],"unease":[25],"about":[26],"risks":[29,133,144],"associated":[30,145],"with":[31,56,75,146,161],"government":[32,52],"services":[33,53],"that":[34,193],"depend":[35],"on":[36,59,149,167],"foreign":[37,150],"service":[38],"providers":[39,155],"digital":[41],"infrastructure":[42,60],"and":[43,54,83,96,101,122,171,175,191],"traffic":[44,115,172],"routing.":[45],"This":[46,152],"work":[47],"investigates":[48],"to":[49,116,134,187],"which":[50,138],"extent":[51],"communication":[55],"citizens":[57,174],"relies":[58],"outside":[61],"their":[62],"own":[63],"jurisdiction":[64],"six":[66],"countries":[67],"facing":[68],"sensitive":[69],"or":[70],"sometimes":[71],"even":[72,164],"antagonistic":[73],"relations":[74],"neighbors:":[76],"India,":[77],"Netherlands,":[79],"Pakistan,":[80],"Taiwan,":[81],"Ukraine,":[82],"United":[85],"Kingdom.":[86],"By":[87],"combining":[88],"various":[89],"methods":[90],"(traceroute":[91],"measurements,":[92],"passive":[93],"DNS":[94],"data":[95],"geolocation),":[97],"we":[98,182],"determine":[99],"where":[100],"how":[102],"domains":[103],"are":[104,195],"hosted,":[105],"well":[107,127],"network":[110,170],"paths":[111],"taken":[112],"by":[113,158],"citizens'":[114],"them.":[117],"We":[118],"uncover":[119],"different":[120,132],"strategies":[121],"degrees":[123],"autonomy,":[125,135],"difficult":[129],"tradeoffs":[130],"between":[131,173],"some":[136],"might":[139],"be":[140],"larger":[141],"than":[142],"dependency":[148],"providers.":[151],"includes":[153],"transnational":[154],"being":[156,165],"used":[157],"all":[159],"countries,":[160],"geopolitical":[162],"rivals":[163],"tenants":[166],"same":[169],"regularly":[177],"traversing":[178],"international":[179],"borders.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"compared":[183],"our":[184],"empirical":[185],"findings":[186],"stated":[188],"governmental":[189],"policies":[190],"find":[192],"they":[194],"not":[196],"always":[197],"consistent.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-24T09:50:30.924529","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}