{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385966440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.00675","title":"Tool Documentation Enables Zero-Shot Tool-Usage with Large Language Models","display_name":"Tool Documentation Enables Zero-Shot Tool-Usage with Large Language Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385966440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.00675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.00675","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00675","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.00675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.00675","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020968560","display_name":"Cheng-Yu Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-1435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-1435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsieh, Cheng-Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069429326","display_name":"Sian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-9817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-9817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Si-An","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102972645","display_name":"Chunliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-5510","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-5510"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Chun-Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Cloud AI Research ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Cloud AI Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fujii, Yasuhisa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fujii, Yasuhisa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076215229","display_name":"Alexander Ratner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ratner, Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068372754","display_name":"Chen-Yu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3275-6028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3275-6028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Chen-Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Cloud AI Research ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Cloud AI Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032451496","display_name":"Ranjay Krishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-2531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-2531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna, Ranjay","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101265241","display_name":"Tomas Pfister","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pfister, Tomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Cloud AI Research ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Cloud AI Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.861299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.861299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.062300000339746475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/few-shot-prompting","display_name":"few-shot prompting","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demonstration-selection","display_name":"demonstration selection","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-generation","display_name":"image generation","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"video tracking","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounding-dino","display_name":"Grounding DINO","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stable-diffusion","display_name":"Stable Diffusion","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-large-language-models","display_name":"multimodal large language models","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.9532050490379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7550386190414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81587897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181702","display_name":"Software documentation","level":5,"score":0.52399742603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4815700054168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4355214238166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36106088757514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3576487898826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3567236661911011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32651299238204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.21994492411613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20795831084251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.08195379376411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.00675","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00675","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.00675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.00675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.00675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.00675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.00675","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00675","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.00675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385966440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385966440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975647310","https://openalex.org/W2033083755","https://openalex.org/W2884925033","https://openalex.org/W2070076995","https://openalex.org/W2764664989","https://openalex.org/W2955439455","https://openalex.org/W2411980894","https://openalex.org/W3020062517","https://openalex.org/W2915114672","https://openalex.org/W2073875337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2,118],"models":[3,196],"(LLMs)":[4],"are":[5,22,46,130],"taught":[6],"to":[7,24,55,62,83,208],"use":[8,90],"new":[9,211],"tools":[10],"by":[11,185,213],"providing":[12],"a":[13,146],"few":[14],"demonstrations":[15,21,45],"of":[16,91,154,182,204,220,232],"the":[17,34,41,69,89,96,180,202,218,230,233],"tool's":[18],"usage.":[19],"Unfortunately,":[20],"hard":[23],"acquire,":[25],"and":[26,59,74,117,189,225,236],"can":[27,228],"result":[28],"in":[29,40],"undesirable":[30],"biased":[31],"usage":[32],"if":[33],"wrong":[35],"demonstration":[36],"is":[37,50,163],"chosen.":[38],"Even":[39],"rare":[42],"scenario":[43],"that":[44,160],"readily":[47],"available,":[48],"there":[49],"no":[51],"principled":[52],"selection":[53,70],"protocol":[54],"determine":[56],"how":[57],"many":[58],"which":[60],"ones":[61],"provide.":[63],"As":[64],"tasks":[65,113],"grow":[66],"more":[67,165,216],"complex,":[68],"search":[71],"grows":[72],"combinatorially":[73],"invariably":[75],"becomes":[76],"intractable.":[77],"Our":[78],"work":[79],"provides":[80],"an":[81],"alternative":[82],"demonstrations:":[84],"tool":[85,92,98,128,135,156,161,183,206],"documentation.":[86,176],"We":[87,102],"advocate":[88],"documentation,":[93],"descriptions":[94],"for":[95,132],"individual":[97],"usage,":[99,136],"over":[100],"demonstrations.":[101],"substantiate":[103],"our":[104],"claim":[105],"through":[106],"three":[107],"main":[108],"empirical":[109],"findings":[110],"on":[111,121,139,145],"6":[112],"across":[114],"both":[115],"vision":[116],"modalities.":[119],"First,":[120],"existing":[122],"benchmarks,":[123],"zero-shot":[124,170],"prompts":[125],"with":[126,141,152,169],"only":[127],"documentation":[129,162,171,207,219],"sufficient":[131],"eliciting":[133],"proper":[134],"achieving":[137],"performance":[138],"par":[140],"few-shot":[142,174],"prompts.":[143],"Second,":[144],"newly":[147],"collected":[148],"realistic":[149],"tool-use":[150],"dataset":[151],"hundreds":[153],"available":[155],"APIs,":[157],"we":[158,178,200],"show":[159],"significantly":[164,172],"valuable":[166],"than":[167,217],"demonstrations,":[168],"outperforming":[173],"without":[175],"Third,":[177],"highlight":[179,201],"benefits":[181],"documentations":[184],"tackling":[186],"image":[187],"generation":[188],"video":[190],"tracking":[191],"using":[192,205,214],"just-released":[193,234],"unseen":[194],"state-of-the-art":[195],"as":[197],"tools.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"possibility":[203],"automatically":[209],"enable":[210],"applications:":[212],"nothing":[215],"GroundingDino,":[221],"Stable":[222],"Diffusion,":[223],"XMem,":[224],"SAM,":[226],"LLMs":[227],"re-invent":[229],"functionalities":[231],"Grounded-SAM":[235],"Track":[237],"Anything":[238],"models.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-08-18T00:00:00"}