{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385809352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","title":"Advancements in saline water treatment: a review","display_name":"Advancements in saline water treatment: a review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385809352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/wrd.2023.065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.065/1271657/jwrd2023065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288869","display_name":"Water Reuse","issn_l":"2709-6092","issn":["2709-6092","2709-6106"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Reuse","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.065/1271657/jwrd2023065.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"V. Somashekar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106826634","display_name":"Jain University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cnqpt53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Somashekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103790096","display_name":"A. Vivek Anand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Vivek Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["b Department of Aeronautical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","Department of Aeronautical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b Department of Aeronautical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035977525","display_name":"V. Hariprasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-6957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-6957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106826634","display_name":"Jain University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cnqpt53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Hariprasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIAEM, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091499250","display_name":"Emad M. Elsehly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8811-275X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8811-275X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169744251","display_name":"Damanhour University","ror":"https://ror.org/03svthf85","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169744251"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emad M. Elsehly","raw_affiliation_strings":["c Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, 22516, Damanhour, Egypt","Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, 22516, Damanhour, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, 22516, Damanhour, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169744251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, 22516, Damanhour, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169744251"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075034019","display_name":"Mofwe Kapulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0101-5418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0101-5418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mofwe Kapulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["d School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0101-5418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"d School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075034019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3312,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31128405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"475","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12074","display_name":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14479","display_name":"Freezing and Crystallization Processes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saline-water-treatment","display_name":"saline water treatment","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desalination","display_name":"desalination","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-separation","display_name":"membrane separation","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater-desalination","display_name":"seawater desalination","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brackish-water-treatment","display_name":"brackish water treatment","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-production","display_name":"drinking water production","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.8009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776870568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873","display_name":"Desalination","level":3,"score":0.7617754936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118178180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533","display_name":"Brackish water","level":3,"score":0.7484368681907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16704694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496805","display_name":"Saline water","level":3,"score":0.7006620168685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5625302195549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.47397392988204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4508228302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.44761472940444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018613153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7892","display_name":"Potable water","level":2,"score":0.4259561598300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.42562782764434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3509916663169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28007185459136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.13510218262672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08964395523071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07297229766845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07072359323501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.06815481185913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.05766049027442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/wrd.2023.065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.065/1271657/jwrd2023065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288869","display_name":"Water Reuse","issn_l":"2709-6092","issn":["2709-6092","2709-6106"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Reuse","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34af10d881e54845b2053b76bcb18693","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34af10d881e54845b2053b76bcb18693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, Vol 13, Iss 3, Pp 475-491 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/wrd.2023.065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.065","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.065/1271657/jwrd2023065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288869","display_name":"Water Reuse","issn_l":"2709-6092","issn":["2709-6092","2709-6106"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Reuse","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.965499997138977,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385809352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385809352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W659176249","https://openalex.org/W1970377394","https://openalex.org/W1979641619","https://openalex.org/W1983622780","https://openalex.org/W1993871668","https://openalex.org/W1997473376","https://openalex.org/W2005311248","https://openalex.org/W2012270576","https://openalex.org/W2013060854","https://openalex.org/W2032450369","https://openalex.org/W2032674777","https://openalex.org/W2037678953","https://openalex.org/W2055638681","https://openalex.org/W2060470013","https://openalex.org/W2091299898","https://openalex.org/W2096623033","https://openalex.org/W2109453811","https://openalex.org/W2112066001","https://openalex.org/W2131491403","https://openalex.org/W2134387483","https://openalex.org/W2620554260","https://openalex.org/W2944690826","https://openalex.org/W4221092875","https://openalex.org/W4223561216","https://openalex.org/W4223648187","https://openalex.org/W4317467817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6967589722","https://openalex.org/W7165136133","https://openalex.org/W4392063695","https://openalex.org/W3205078226","https://openalex.org/W4412762184","https://openalex.org/W3185348149","https://openalex.org/W2801851416","https://openalex.org/W3095610966","https://openalex.org/W4415350241","https://openalex.org/W2196498274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,58],"growing":[2],"population":[3],"and":[4,36,55,60,65,77,88,99],"increasing":[5],"water":[6,18,33,50,106],"demand":[7],"necessitate":[8],"exploring":[9],"alternative":[10],"sources":[11],"of":[12,31,44,48,62,90,104],"water,":[13],"including":[14,53],"saline":[15,49,105],"water.":[16,38],"Saline":[17],"treatment":[19,51,107],"technologies":[20,92],"have":[21,80],"undergone":[22],"significant":[23],"advancements":[24,74],"in":[25,75,84,101],"recent":[26],"years,":[27],"enabling":[28],"the":[29,45,96,102],"production":[30],"potable":[32],"from":[34],"seawater":[35],"brackish":[37],"This":[39],"review":[40],"provides":[41],"an":[42],"overview":[43],"current":[46],"state":[47],"technologies,":[52],"desalination":[54],"membrane-based":[56],"processes.":[57],"advantages":[59],"limitations":[61],"each":[63],"technology":[64],"their":[66],"suitability":[67],"for":[68],"different":[69],"applications":[70],"are":[71,93,108],"discussed.":[72],"Recent":[73],"materials":[76],"techniques":[78],"that":[79],"led":[81],"to":[82],"improvements":[83],"energy":[85],"efficiency,":[86],"productivity,":[87],"cost-effectiveness":[89],"these":[91],"highlighted.":[94],"Finally,":[95],"future":[97],"directions":[98],"challenges":[100],"field":[103],"outlined.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2023-08-15T00:00:00"}