{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385749986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.04635","title":"Where's the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?","display_name":"Where's the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385749986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.04635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.04635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04635","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.04635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.04635","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049073875","display_name":"Peter Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-0541","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-0541"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henderson, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science at Stanford University. We thank"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science at Stanford University. We thank","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015518638","display_name":"Tatsunori Hashimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-5855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-5855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hashimoto, Tatsunori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088186426","display_name":"Mark A. Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8039-2224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lemley, Mark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.46880000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.46880000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.302700012922287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14432","display_name":"Freedom of Expression and Defamation","score":0.12349999696016312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-generated-speech","display_name":"AI-generated speech","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defamation","display_name":"defamation","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wrongful-death","display_name":"wrongful death","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-teaming","display_name":"red teaming","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation-models","display_name":"foundation models","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-liability","display_name":"algorithmic liability","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-liability","display_name":"platform liability","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780938662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973710","display_name":"Tying","level":2,"score":0.794073224067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.72191321849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5786963105201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775914699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326779","display_name":"Vicarious liability","level":4,"score":0.5188337564468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.46559107303619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295","display_name":"Misconduct","level":2,"score":0.4643894135951996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.44671863317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42772185802459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41998106241226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4162397086620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4066155254840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3794093728065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3719857335090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36575353145599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3639802038669586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35036367177963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2463553547859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2375590205192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18335172533988953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.13866758346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0998975932598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.04635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04635","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.04635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.04635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.04635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.04635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.04635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04635","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.04635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385749986.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385749986.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377372007","https://openalex.org/W4378509427","https://openalex.org/W4380715602","https://openalex.org/W4389520456","https://openalex.org/W7133222210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412567478","https://openalex.org/W4391591654","https://openalex.org/W4413134899","https://openalex.org/W7154952147","https://openalex.org/W4415924726","https://openalex.org/W7024404247","https://openalex.org/W7011033197","https://openalex.org/W4376455176","https://openalex.org/W7067343155","https://openalex.org/W7154461404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"AI,":[1],"in":[2,85,127,162],"particular":[3],"text-based":[4],"\"foundation":[5],"models\"":[6],"(large":[7],"models":[8,39,142],"trained":[9],"on":[10],"a":[11,27],"huge":[12],"variety":[13],"of":[14,30,52,98,131,175,181],"information":[15],"including":[16],"the":[17,128,171,178],"internet),":[18],"can":[19],"generate":[20],"speech":[21,103],"that":[22,113,153,166],"could":[23],"be":[24,157],"problematic":[25,45],"under":[26,80],"wide":[28],"range":[29],"liability":[31,73,91,121,161],"regimes.":[32],"Machine":[33],"learning":[34],"practitioners":[35],"regularly":[36],"\"red":[37],"team\"":[38],"to":[40,55,95,105,139],"identify":[41],"and":[42,78,108,165,190],"mitigate":[43],"such":[44],"speech:":[46],"from":[47,160],"\"hallucinations\"":[48],"falsely":[49],"accusing":[50],"people":[51],"serious":[53],"misconduct":[54],"recipes":[56],"for":[57,75,148],"constructing":[58],"an":[59],"atomic":[60],"bomb.":[61],"A":[62],"key":[63],"question":[64],"is":[65,123],"whether":[66],"these":[67,163,205],"red-teamed":[68,99],"behaviors":[69],"actually":[70],"present":[71],"any":[72,114],"risk":[74],"model":[76,100],"creators":[77],"deployers":[79],"U.S.":[81],"law,":[82],"incentivizing":[83],"investments":[84],"safety":[86],"mechanisms.":[87],"We":[88,111,151],"examine":[89],"three":[90],"regimes,":[92],"tying":[93],"them":[94],"common":[96],"examples":[97],"behaviors:":[101],"defamation,":[102],"integral":[104],"criminal":[106],"conduct,":[107],"wrongful":[109],"death.":[110],"find":[112],"Section":[115],"230":[116],"immunity":[117],"analysis":[118,122],"or":[119],"downstream":[120],"intimately":[124],"wrapped":[125],"up":[126],"technical":[129,179,197],"details":[130,180],"algorithm":[132],"design.":[133],"And":[134],"there":[135],"are":[136],"many":[137],"roadblocks":[138],"truly":[140],"finding":[141],"(and":[143],"their":[144],"associated":[145],"parties)":[146],"liable":[147],"generated":[149],"speech.":[150],"argue":[152],"AI":[154,183],"should":[155,192],"not":[156],"categorically":[158],"immune":[159],"scenarios":[164],"as":[167,202],"courts":[168],"grapple":[169],"with":[170,186],"already":[172],"fine-grained":[173],"complexities":[174],"platform":[176],"algorithms,":[177],"generative":[182],"loom":[184],"above":[185],"thornier":[187],"questions.":[188],"Courts":[189],"policymakers":[191],"think":[193],"carefully":[194],"about":[195],"what":[196],"design":[198],"incentives":[199],"they":[200,203],"create":[201],"evaluate":[204],"issues.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-08-11T00:00:00"}
