{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385259781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","title":"Separating signal from noise in wastewater data: An algorithm to identify community-level COVID-19 surges in real time","display_name":"Separating signal from noise in wastewater data: An algorithm to identify community-level COVID-19 surges in real time","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385259781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490532","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10401018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2216021120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073706036","display_name":"Aparna P. Keshaviah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-6807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-6807"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aparna Keshaviah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-6807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089189106","display_name":"Ian Huff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Huff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014810797","display_name":"Xindi C. Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-3931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-3931","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7809-9422"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xindi C. Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-3931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017351533","display_name":"Virginia T. Guidry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-6279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-6279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289992829","display_name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/0293qmt12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134062","display_name":"North Carolina Division of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/034t5cp02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia Guidry","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829","https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442091","display_name":"Ariel R. Christensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-1475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-1475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289992829","display_name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/0293qmt12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134062","display_name":"North Carolina Division of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/034t5cp02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariel Christensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829","https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028480748","display_name":"Steven J. Berkowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5417-1250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5417-1250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289992829","display_name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/0293qmt12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134062","display_name":"North Carolina Division of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/034t5cp02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Berkowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829","https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084794561","display_name":"Stacie K. Reckling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7809-9422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7809-9422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289992829","display_name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/0293qmt12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134062","display_name":"North Carolina Division of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/034t5cp02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stacie Reckling","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7809-9422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289992829","https://openalex.org/I4210134062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003557457","display_name":"Rachel T. Noble","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-8312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-8312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel T. Noble","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068488617","display_name":"Thomas J. Clerkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-8266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-8266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Clerkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035870224","display_name":"A. Denene Blackwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-8633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-8633"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denene Blackwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017334057","display_name":"Sandra L. McLellan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-1151","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-1151"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra L. McLellan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052503664","display_name":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Roguet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-4525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-4525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Roguet","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-4525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053969588","display_name":"Isabel Musse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2366"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Musse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073706036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4781,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96995849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"120","issue":"31","first_page":"e2216021120","last_page":"e2216021120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-based-epidemiology","display_name":"wastewater-based epidemiology","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-surveillance","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 surveillance","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-noise-separation","display_name":"signal-to-noise separation","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-variant","display_name":"Delta variant","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omicron-variant","display_name":"Omicron variant","score":0.9980000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.8345986604690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5057988166809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4624801576137543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4553251266479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.4508140981197357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.43803876638412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22818535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121742","display_name":"Storm surge","level":3,"score":0.420849472284317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3756762742996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.341048002243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3334122896194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31190335750579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3071337342262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3012893795967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2262149155139923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19224032759666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.14550620317459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.11443734169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012367","descriptor_name":"RNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062065","descriptor_name":"Wastewater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2216021120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.22280095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.19.22280095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.19.22280095","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2022/10/27/2022.09.19.22280095.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10401018","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10401018","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10401018/pdf/pnas.202216021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37490532","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:cdr.lib.unc.edu:pz50h9555","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17615/t3v4-cw65","pdf_url":"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/vq280302s","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401075","display_name":"Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(31)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17615/t3v4-cw65","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17615/t3v4-cw65","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17615/t3v4-cw65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051488","display_name":"UNC Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2216021120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2216021120","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G493852273","display_name":"Improved scalability, sensitivity, and interpretability of pathogen detection, including SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater using high-throughput, highly multiplexed digital array PCR technology","funder_award_id":"U01DA053899","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5957220278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51248X07669","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308570","funder_display_name":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8202425074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306149","funder_display_name":"Rockefeller Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306149","display_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfkwk85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308570","display_name":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/0293qmt12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309182","display_name":"Utah Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/034de1n65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332600","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385259781.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385259781.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2644982249","https://openalex.org/W3028321228","https://openalex.org/W3034787254","https://openalex.org/W3087611057","https://openalex.org/W3094110181","https://openalex.org/W3107876362","https://openalex.org/W3111990192","https://openalex.org/W3122502846","https://openalex.org/W3133704981","https://openalex.org/W3134935233","https://openalex.org/W3155031166","https://openalex.org/W3156919677","https://openalex.org/W3177716023","https://openalex.org/W3178248791","https://openalex.org/W3180313767","https://openalex.org/W3198177518","https://openalex.org/W3201073213","https://openalex.org/W4206725982","https://openalex.org/W4206757477","https://openalex.org/W4210580196","https://openalex.org/W4213436139","https://openalex.org/W4220935759","https://openalex.org/W4225377893","https://openalex.org/W4283463309","https://openalex.org/W4294993265","https://openalex.org/W4365135795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111326038","https://openalex.org/W4411371222","https://openalex.org/W4312220562","https://openalex.org/W7148313430","https://openalex.org/W4283708944","https://openalex.org/W4399582679","https://openalex.org/W3213088245","https://openalex.org/W4225819711","https://openalex.org/W7161730883","https://openalex.org/W4394602180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wastewater":[0,58],"monitoring":[1],"has":[2,18],"provided":[3],"health":[4,42,235],"officials":[5,35,128,236],"with":[6,121,137,237],"early":[7],"warnings":[8],"for":[9,39],"new":[10],"COVID-19":[11,244],"outbreaks,":[12],"but":[13],"to":[14,21,33,36,61,79,132,140,241],"date,":[15],"no":[16,160],"approach":[17],"been":[19],"validated":[20],"distinguish":[22],"signal":[23],"(sustained":[24],"surges)":[25],"from":[26,50],"noise":[27],"(background":[28],"variability)":[29],"in":[30,54,153,194,202,226,246],"wastewater":[31,63,74,105,114,147,162,204],"data":[32,49,75,84,108,136],"alert":[34],"the":[37,55,66,87,90,154,189,203],"need":[38,131],"heightened":[40],"public":[41,234],"response.":[43],"We":[44,71],"analyzed":[45],"62":[46],"wk":[47],"of":[48,89,112,183,211,217],"19":[51],"sites":[52],"participating":[53],"North":[56],"Carolina":[57],"Monitoring":[59],"Network":[60],"characterize":[62],"metrics":[64],"around":[65],"Delta":[67,155],"and":[68,106,118,219,225,228],"Omicron":[69,157],"surges.":[70],"found":[72],"that":[73,127],"identified":[76],"outbreaks":[77],"4":[78],"5":[80],"d":[81],"before":[82],"case":[83,107,135],"(reported":[85],"on":[86,98],"earlier":[88],"symptom":[91],"start":[92],"date":[93],"or":[94,123,167],"test":[95],"collection":[96],"date),":[97],"average.":[99],"At":[100],"most":[101],"sites,":[102,230],"correlations":[103],"between":[104],"were":[109,116],"similar":[110],"regardless":[111],"how":[113],"concentrations":[115],"normalized":[117,169],"whether":[119],"calculated":[120],"county-level":[122],"sewershed-level":[124],"cases,":[125],"suggesting":[126],"may":[129],"not":[130],"geospatially":[133],"align":[134],"sewershed":[138],"boundaries":[139],"gain":[141],"insights":[142],"into":[143],"disease":[144],"transmission.":[145],"Although":[146],"trend":[148],"lines":[149],"captured":[150],"clear":[151],"differences":[152],"versus":[156],"surge":[158],"trajectories,":[159],"single":[161],"metric":[163],"(detectability,":[164],"percent":[165],"change,":[166],"flow-population":[168],"viral":[170],"concentrations)":[171],"reliably":[172],"signaled":[173],"when":[174],"these":[175,184],"surges":[176,224,245],"started.":[177],"After":[178],"iteratively":[179],"examining":[180],"different":[181],"combinations":[182],"three":[185],"metrics,":[186],"we":[187],"developed":[188],"Covid-SURGE":[190],"(Signaling":[191],"Unprecedented":[192],"Rises":[193],"Groupwide":[195],"Exposure)":[196],"algorithm,":[197],"which":[198],"identifies":[199],"unprecedented":[200],"signals":[201],"data.":[205],"With":[206],"a":[207,213],"true":[208],"positive":[209,215],"rate":[210,216],"82%,":[212],"false":[214],"7%,":[218],"strong":[220],"performance":[221],"during":[222],"both":[223],"small":[227],"large":[229],"our":[231],"algorithm":[232],"provides":[233],"an":[238],"automated":[239],"way":[240],"flag":[242],"community-level":[243],"real":[247],"time.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-07-26T00:00:00"}
