{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385200586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","title":"An Appraisal of the Implications of Deep Fakes: The Need for Urgent International Legislations","display_name":"An Appraisal of the Implications of Deep Fakes: The Need for Urgent International Legislations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385200586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47672/ajlg.1540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","pdf_url":"https://ajpojournals.org/journals/index.php/AJLG/article/download/1540/1665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282962","display_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","issn_l":"2957-7284","issn":["2957-7284"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ajpojournals.org/journals/index.php/AJLG/article/download/1540/1665","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092125623","display_name":"Nmesoma Nnamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-844X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-844X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nmesoma Nnamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["LL.B Hons, B.L (in view), High Court of Justice, Ado \u2013Ekiti"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LL.B Hons, B.L (in view), High Court of Justice, Ado \u2013Ekiti","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090270283","display_name":"Omolade Adeyemi Oniyinde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13144388","display_name":"Ekiti State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4zkr79","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13144388"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O.A. Oniyinde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D, Reader, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D, Reader, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13144388"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026470257","display_name":"Babalola Abegunde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13144388","display_name":"Ekiti State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4zkr79","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13144388"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babalola Abegunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D, Reader, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D, Reader, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13144388"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99350224,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.03099999949336052,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfakes","display_name":"deepfakes","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-legislation","display_name":"international legislation","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"misinformation","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"fake news","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-engineering","display_name":"social engineering","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity","display_name":"cybersecurity","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-social-media","display_name":"trust in social media","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraud","display_name":"fraud","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security-threats","display_name":"national security threats","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourth-industrial-revolution","display_name":"Fourth Industrial Revolution","score":0.7260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6641528606414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780900520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100268981","display_name":"Denial","level":2,"score":0.6520869731903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517468935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269","display_name":"Industrial Revolution","level":2,"score":0.5179973244667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.49118539690971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.46960318088531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.44384855031967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4245874285697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.40218275785446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35750335454940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34667348861694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.34020429849624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3397147059440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32057201862335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31529051065444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2569141089916229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.18792474269866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47672/ajlg.1540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","pdf_url":"https://ajpojournals.org/journals/index.php/AJLG/article/download/1540/1665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282962","display_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","issn_l":"2957-7284","issn":["2957-7284"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47672/ajlg.1540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47672/ajlg.1540","pdf_url":"https://ajpojournals.org/journals/index.php/AJLG/article/download/1540/1665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282962","display_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","issn_l":"2957-7284","issn":["2957-7284"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Leadership and Governance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385200586.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385200586.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W489403595","https://openalex.org/W1548043144","https://openalex.org/W1966505230","https://openalex.org/W2029300069","https://openalex.org/W2063778226","https://openalex.org/W2178843456","https://openalex.org/W2340893350","https://openalex.org/W2883569824","https://openalex.org/W2898712164","https://openalex.org/W2913838456","https://openalex.org/W2989851933","https://openalex.org/W3007419529","https://openalex.org/W3163747587","https://openalex.org/W6704101563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168634279","https://openalex.org/W7164608589","https://openalex.org/W7217408140","https://openalex.org/W7043054706","https://openalex.org/W7220432078","https://openalex.org/W4380898427","https://openalex.org/W7167037254","https://openalex.org/W7115006705","https://openalex.org/W6907462037","https://openalex.org/W4313451479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"Artificial":[1,44,111],"intelligence":[2],"as":[3],"a":[4,13,152,168,203,215,239],"subfield":[5],"of":[6,52,64,72,92,138,167,170,178,184,209,219,244,259,262,266],"the":[7,35,70,89,120,129,135,143,165,176,194,198,207,260,263],"Fourth":[8],"Industrial":[9],"Revolution":[10],"has":[11,115,151],"been":[12],"controversial":[14],"concept":[15,71],"since":[16],"its":[17,22,74],"inception.":[18],"The":[19,62,99,233],"reason":[20],"for":[21,131,217],"controversy":[23],"is":[24,42,67,106,235,273],"that":[25,47,56,117,149,221,247,271],"through":[26],"it,":[27],"incredible":[28],"inventions":[29,32],"and":[30,50,54,77,84,93,123,160,186,189,197,231,241,255,281],"also":[31,161],"detrimental":[33],"to":[34,68,80,155,175,228,237,275,284],"society":[36],"have":[37],"surfaced.":[38],"A":[39],"deep":[40,96],"fake":[41,179],"an":[43,157,250],"Intelligence":[45,112],"technology":[46,141],"creates":[48],"videos":[49,220],"images":[51],"persons":[53],"events":[55],"in":[57,103,193,223,252],"fact":[58,224],"did":[59],"not":[60],"happen.":[61],"aim":[63],"this":[65,104,139,211,268],"paper":[66],"evaluate":[69],"deepfake,":[73,267],"positive":[75,136],"impacts":[76,265],"threats":[78],"posed":[79],"individuals,":[81],"corporate":[82],"institutions":[83],"nations.":[85],"It":[86],"further":[87],"assesses":[88],"legal":[90],"implications":[91],"provisions":[94],"against":[95],"fakes.":[97],"Methodology:":[98],"research":[100],"methodology":[101],"adopted":[102],"study":[105,269],"doctrinal.":[107],"Just":[108],"like":[109],"every":[110],"technology,":[113],"it":[114,150,272],"benefits":[116],"cut":[118],"across":[119],"marketing,":[121],"fashion,":[122],"art":[124],"industry":[125],"among":[126],"others.":[127],"However,":[128],"issue":[130],"determination":[132],"remains":[133],"whether":[134],"impact":[137],"AI":[140],"supersedes":[142],"negative":[144,264],"impacts.":[145],"Findings:":[146],"Findings":[147],"revealed":[148],"high":[153],"tendency":[154],"deceive":[156],"average":[158],"person":[159],"create":[162],"uncertainty":[163],"about":[164],"authenticity":[166],"piece":[169],"information.":[171],"This":[172],"can":[173],"lead":[174],"spread":[177,208],"news,":[180],"fraud,":[181],"blackmail,":[182],"fabrication":[183],"evidence,":[185],"even":[187],"national":[188,280],"global":[190],"insecurity.":[191],"Trust":[192],"social":[195,245],"media":[196],"internet":[199],"generally":[200],"will":[201,212,248],"face":[202,238],"great":[204],"decline":[205],"at":[206,279],"deepfakes,":[210],"then":[213],"be":[214],"medium":[216],"denial":[218],"are":[222],"true.":[225],"Unique":[226],"Contribution":[227],"Theory,":[229],"Practice":[230],"Policy:":[232],"world":[234],"set":[236],"new":[240],"modified":[242],"aspect":[243],"engineering":[246],"require":[249],"upgrade":[251],"cybersecurity":[253],"techniques":[254],"strategies.":[256],"By":[257],"virtue":[258],"sensitivity":[261],"concludes":[270],"necessary":[274],"promulgate":[276],"legislations":[277],"both":[278],"international":[282],"levels":[283],"curb":[285],"or":[286],"regulate":[287],"deepfakes.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2023-07-25T00:00:00"}