{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384948720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","title":"Bitcoin-Enhanced Proof-of-Stake Security: Possibilities and Impossibilities","display_name":"Bitcoin-Enhanced Proof-of-Stake Security: Possibilities and Impossibilities","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384948720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233669","display_name":"IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","issn_l":"1081-6011","issn":["1081-6011","2375-1207"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.08392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029098755","display_name":"Ertem Nusret Tas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-9700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-9700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ertem Nusret Tas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024072566","display_name":"David N. C. Tse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-5900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-5900"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Tse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031753527","display_name":"Fangyu Gai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-3313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-3313"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyu Gai","raw_affiliation_strings":["BabylonChain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BabylonChain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722219","display_name":"Sreeram Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-2964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-2964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeram Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113662214","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-1874","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-1874"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fisher Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fisher Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["BabylonChain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BabylonChain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3186,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96985444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"126","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-stake","display_name":"proof-of-stake","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitcoin","display_name":"Bitcoin","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-security","display_name":"blockchain security","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impossibility-results","display_name":"impossibility results","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/checkpointing","display_name":"checkpointing","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.8323348760604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.685780942440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6739532351493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6618791222572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776261394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315562","display_name":"Impossibility","level":2,"score":0.6503241062164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6370894312858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.550118625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5321717858314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.505978524684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4728848338127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.43678510189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9996903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749235","display_name":"Cryptographic nonce","level":3,"score":0.4237174391746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.2882956862449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2040923833847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.18571865558624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12296488881111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233669","display_name":"IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","issn_l":"1081-6011","issn":["1081-6011","2375-1207"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.08392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.08392","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.08392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.08392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.08392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.08392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.08392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.08392","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.08392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384948720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384948720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1601807985","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2150627814","https://openalex.org/W2214897964","https://openalex.org/W2288007454","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2593801198","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2766209351","https://openalex.org/W2770149261","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2794717484","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2807294487","https://openalex.org/W2883173799","https://openalex.org/W2889627320","https://openalex.org/W2914554654","https://openalex.org/W2916931547","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2979777917","https://openalex.org/W3003390592","https://openalex.org/W3009765502","https://openalex.org/W3013530784","https://openalex.org/W3039242808","https://openalex.org/W3084120904","https://openalex.org/W3092846609","https://openalex.org/W3141866506","https://openalex.org/W3163044492","https://openalex.org/W3174994609","https://openalex.org/W3197739088","https://openalex.org/W3215268109","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4307838002","https://openalex.org/W4407606087","https://openalex.org/W6636797535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4221141964","https://openalex.org/W4403368711","https://openalex.org/W6962624371","https://openalex.org/W4290855734","https://openalex.org/W2978847584","https://openalex.org/W4307838002","https://openalex.org/W4385010040","https://openalex.org/W3196586425","https://openalex.org/W2794998188","https://openalex.org/W2907639113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0,78],"is":[1,96],"the":[2,7,11,87,99,139],"most":[3],"secure":[4],"blockchain":[5],"in":[6,56,115],"world,":[8],"supported":[9],"by":[10],"immense":[12],"hash":[13],"power":[14],"of":[15,89,94,130],"its":[16],"Proof-of-Work":[17],"miners.":[18],"Proof-of-Stake":[19],"chains":[20,118],"are":[21,54],"energy-efficient,":[22],"have":[23],"fast":[24],"finality":[25],"but":[26],"face":[27],"several":[28],"security":[29,52],"issues:":[30],"susceptibility":[31],"to":[32,42,79,97,119],"non-slashable":[33],"long-range":[34],"safety":[35],"attacks,":[36],"low":[37,45],"liveness":[38],"resilience":[39],"and":[40,65],"difficulty":[41],"bootstrap":[43],"from":[44,113],"token":[46],"valuation.":[47],"We":[48],"show":[49,106],"that":[50,107],"these":[51,81],"issues":[53],"inherent":[55],"any":[57],"PoS":[58,74,117],"chain":[59],"without":[60],"an":[61,72],"external":[62],"trusted":[63],"source,":[64],"propose":[66],"a":[67,127],"new":[68],"protocol,":[69],"Babylon,":[70,125],"where":[71],"off-the-shelf":[73],"protocol":[75],"checkpoints":[76,140],"onto":[77,141],"resolve":[80],"issues.":[82],"An":[83],"impossibility":[84],"result":[85],"justifies":[86],"optimality":[88],"Babylon.":[90],"A":[91],"use":[92],"case":[93],"Babylon":[95],"reduce":[98],"stake":[100],"withdrawal":[101],"delay:":[102],"our":[103],"experimental":[104],"results":[105],"this":[108],"delay":[109],"can":[110],"be":[111],"reduced":[112],"weeks":[114],"existing":[116],"less":[120,131],"than":[121,132],"5":[122],"hours":[123],"using":[124],"at":[126],"transaction":[128],"cost":[129],"10K":[133],"USD":[134],"per":[135],"annum":[136],"for":[137],"posting":[138],"Bitcoin.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-07-22T00:00:00"}
