{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383753633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","title":"How Practical Phase-Shift Errors Affect Beamforming of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface?","display_name":"How Practical Phase-Shift Errors Affect Beamforming of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383753633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.06388","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069408238","display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-062X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-062X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-062X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112891561","display_name":"Yijian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-1854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-1854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-1854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038271355","display_name":"Yijun Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048817096","display_name":"Qingqing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5105-5155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086938410","display_name":"Jianwu Dou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2259-2759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2259-2759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwu Dou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2259-2759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427466","display_name":"Yuxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-4247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-4247","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5659-8157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Product Research and Development Institute, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3786,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89656447,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"10","first_page":"6130","last_page":"6145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-intelligent-surface","display_name":"reconfigurable intelligent surface","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-error","display_name":"phase shift error","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"beamforming","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-impairments","display_name":"hardware impairments","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-mismatch","display_name":"frequency mismatch","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panel-deformation","display_name":"panel deformation","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8088383674621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6441201567649841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6263295412063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5477596521377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45919787883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4253082275390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2659374475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23281225562095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0873359739780426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3293859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2304.06388","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06388","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.06388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.06388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.06388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.06388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2304.06388","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06388","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.06388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383753633.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383753633.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498855283","https://openalex.org/W1594063982","https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W1983647929","https://openalex.org/W2037280486","https://openalex.org/W2082432933","https://openalex.org/W2128405649","https://openalex.org/W2142238976","https://openalex.org/W2264835700","https://openalex.org/W2524701924","https://openalex.org/W2618085405","https://openalex.org/W2783168053","https://openalex.org/W2805166665","https://openalex.org/W2895870931","https://openalex.org/W2896507689","https://openalex.org/W2941655922","https://openalex.org/W2955464135","https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971199942","https://openalex.org/W2984937369","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3005112765","https://openalex.org/W3010176898","https://openalex.org/W3011590636","https://openalex.org/W3017034203","https://openalex.org/W3031701267","https://openalex.org/W3034533409","https://openalex.org/W3040349383","https://openalex.org/W3047029756","https://openalex.org/W3108195706","https://openalex.org/W3127395311","https://openalex.org/W3129317433","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3134105517","https://openalex.org/W3137849812","https://openalex.org/W3158356126","https://openalex.org/W3158364537","https://openalex.org/W3193418585","https://openalex.org/W3199337469","https://openalex.org/W3201714790","https://openalex.org/W3206067242","https://openalex.org/W3214334574","https://openalex.org/W4210627707","https://openalex.org/W4225856116","https://openalex.org/W4226370247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210627707","https://openalex.org/W4395029348","https://openalex.org/W7165206831","https://openalex.org/W4393028758","https://openalex.org/W4320458122","https://openalex.org/W4385800842","https://openalex.org/W4362652993","https://openalex.org/W4292982691","https://openalex.org/W7032768521","https://openalex.org/W4399416837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"is":[4,67],"able":[5],"to":[6],"manipulate":[7],"the":[8,18,70,138,169],"wireless":[9,19,179],"environment":[10],"smartly":[11],"and":[12,37,44,101,108,112,128,141,146,160,166,172],"has":[13],"been":[14],"exploited":[15],"for":[16,158,177],"assisting":[17],"communications,":[20],"especially":[21],"at":[22],"high":[23],"frequency":[24,123,153],"band.":[25],"However,":[26],"it":[27],"suffers":[28],"from":[29,73],"hardware":[30],"impairments":[31],"(HWIs)":[32],"in":[33],"practical":[34,53,178],"design,":[35],"manufacturing":[36],"deployment,":[38],"which":[39,66],"inevitably":[40],"degrades":[41],"its":[42,47,173],"performance":[43],"thus":[45],"limits":[46],"full":[48],"potential.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52,77],"issue,":[54],"we":[55],"first":[56],"propose":[57],"a":[58],"new":[59],"RIS":[60,132,170],"reflection":[61],"model":[62,140],"involving":[63],"phase-shift":[64,81,91],"errors,":[65],"verified":[68,143],"by":[69,84],"measurement":[71],"results":[72],"field":[74,147],"trials.":[75],"With":[76],"beamforming":[78,133],"model,":[79],"various":[80],"errors":[82,92],"caused":[83],"different":[85],"HWIs":[86],"can":[87],"be":[88],"analyzed.":[89],"The":[90,117,150],"are":[93,135,142,155,175],"classified":[94],"into":[95],"three":[96],"categories:":[97],"1)":[98],"globally":[99],"independent":[100,107],"identically":[102,109],"distributed":[103,110],"errors;":[104,111],"2)":[105],"grouped":[106,114],"3)":[113],"fixed":[115],"errors.":[116],"impact":[118,151],"of":[119,152],"typical":[120],"HWIs,":[121],"including":[122],"mismatch,":[124],"PIN":[125],"diode":[126],"failures":[127],"panel":[129],"deformation,":[130],"on":[131,168],"ability":[134],"studied":[136],"with":[137,144],"theoretical":[139],"numerical":[145],"test":[148],"data.":[149],"mismatch":[154],"discussed":[156],"separately":[157],"narrow-band":[159],"wide-band":[161],"beamforming.":[162],"Finally,":[163],"useful":[164],"insights":[165],"guidelines":[167],"design":[171],"deployment":[174],"highlighted":[176],"sytsems.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-07-11T00:00:00"}