{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383536249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","title":"Analyzing the Effectiveness of Imbalanced Data Handling Techniques in Predicting Driver Phone Use","display_name":"Analyzing the Effectiveness of Imbalanced Data Handling Techniques in Predicting Driver Phone Use","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383536249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10668/pdf?version=1688636870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10668/pdf?version=1688636870","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054671155","display_name":"Madhar Taamneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-0175","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-0175"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Madhar M. Taamneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-0175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009842345","display_name":"Salah Taamneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-0193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-0193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salah Taamneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Applications, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussien Bin Abdullah for IT, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-0193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Applications, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussien Bin Abdullah for IT, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014246757","display_name":"Ahmad H. Alomari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-8965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-8965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad H. Alomari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-8965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042409984","display_name":"Musab Abuaddous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-548X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-548X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musab Abuaddous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-548X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054671155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":0.7012,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68398628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"13","first_page":"10668","last_page":"10668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.788100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.788100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.09549999982118607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-distraction","display_name":"driver distraction","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"oversampling","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undersampling","display_name":"undersampling","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-classification","display_name":"road classification","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-age","display_name":"driver age","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-gender","display_name":"driver gender","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-type","display_name":"vehicle type","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seat-belt-use","display_name":"seat belt use","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-distraction","display_name":"cognitive distraction","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-safety","display_name":"road safety","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.9344207048416138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52003472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022655","display_name":"C4.5 algorithm","level":4,"score":0.853851854801178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.716303288936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6846652626991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6093441247940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.6011271476745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5957268476486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5394784212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.47840604186058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.418900728225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.41248857975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4100008010864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10668/pdf?version=1688636870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:13:p:10668-:d:1188179","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10668/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10668/pdf?version=1688636870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383536249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383536249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967931415","https://openalex.org/W2198346408","https://openalex.org/W2342723138","https://openalex.org/W2509631465","https://openalex.org/W2562005416","https://openalex.org/W2889331935","https://openalex.org/W2904042868","https://openalex.org/W2922369796","https://openalex.org/W2947666609","https://openalex.org/W2948212284","https://openalex.org/W2976274254","https://openalex.org/W3010406054","https://openalex.org/W3035530851","https://openalex.org/W3036384134","https://openalex.org/W3042932150","https://openalex.org/W3122650894","https://openalex.org/W3138006982","https://openalex.org/W3166835977","https://openalex.org/W3170832263","https://openalex.org/W3202142650","https://openalex.org/W4200588667","https://openalex.org/W4206045635","https://openalex.org/W4285965597","https://openalex.org/W4311290777","https://openalex.org/W4313326840","https://openalex.org/W4366583916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413911988","https://openalex.org/W7213373646","https://openalex.org/W4312222254","https://openalex.org/W3205497540","https://openalex.org/W3206583471","https://openalex.org/W3195957808","https://openalex.org/W2956635548","https://openalex.org/W7110024346","https://openalex.org/W2912185774","https://openalex.org/W4396799063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distracted":[0],"driving":[1],"leads":[2],"to":[3,35,67,185],"a":[4,181,187],"significant":[5],"number":[6],"of":[7,15,20,61,70,76,122,189,223],"road":[8,193,266],"crashes":[9],"worldwide.":[10],"Smartphone":[11],"use":[12,30,85,97],"is":[13,79,92],"one":[14],"the":[16,37,49,57,68,89,221,224,245,253,259,269],"most":[17,50],"common":[18],"causes":[19],"cognitive":[21],"distraction":[22],"among":[23,48],"drivers.":[24],"Available":[25],"data":[26,173],"on":[27,110,153,258,272],"drivers\u2019":[28],"phone":[29,112,274],"presents":[31],"an":[32],"invaluable":[33],"opportunity":[34],"identify":[36],"main":[38,104],"factors":[39],"behind":[40],"this":[41,54,176],"behavior.":[42],"Machine":[43,136],"learning":[44],"(ML)":[45],"techniques":[46,52,63],"are":[47,64],"effective":[51],"for":[53,80,93,106,212,244],"purpose.":[55],"However,":[56],"potential":[58],"and":[59,118,145,167,192,217],"usefulness":[60],"these":[62],"limited,":[65],"due":[66],"imbalance":[69],"available":[71],"data.":[72,247,261],"The":[73,120,147,172,196,236,248],"majority":[74],"class":[75,91],"instances":[77],"collected":[78,179],"drivers":[81],"who":[82,95],"do":[83,96],"not":[84],"their":[86,98],"phones,":[87],"while":[88],"minority":[90],"those":[94],"phones.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"evaluates":[102],"two":[103],"approaches":[105],"handling":[107],"imbalanced":[108],"datasets":[109],"driver":[111,278,281,287],"use.":[113],"These":[114],"methods":[115,149,219,226,238,255],"include":[116],"oversampling":[117],"undersampling.":[119],"effectiveness":[121],"each":[123],"method":[124],"was":[125,263],"evaluated":[126,152],"using":[127],"six":[128],"ML":[129,201,225],"techniques:":[130],"Multilayer":[131],"Perceptron":[132],"(MLP),":[133],"Support":[134],"Vector":[135],"(SVM),":[137],"Naive":[138],"Bayes":[139],"(NB),":[140],"Bayesian":[141],"Network":[142],"(BayesNet),":[143],"J48,":[144,216],"ID3.":[146],"proposed":[148],"were":[150,178],"also":[151,239,250],"three":[154],"Deep":[155],"Learning":[156],"(DL)":[157],"models:":[158],"Arch1":[159],"(5":[160],"hidden":[161,165,170],"layers),":[162,166],"Arch2":[163],"(10":[164],"Arch3":[168],"(15":[169],"layers).":[171],"used":[174],"in":[175,227],"document":[177],"through":[180],"direct":[182],"observation":[183],"study":[184],"explore":[186],"set":[188],"human,":[190],"vehicle,":[191],"surface":[194],"characteristics.":[195],"results":[197,249],"showed":[198,251],"that":[199,252,265],"all":[200,228],"methods,":[202,207],"as":[203,205],"well":[204],"DL":[206,237],"achieved":[208],"balanced":[209],"accuracy":[210],"values":[211],"both":[213],"classes.":[214],"ID3,":[215],"MLP":[218],"outperformed":[220],"rest":[222],"scenarios,":[229],"with":[230],"ID3":[231],"achieving":[232],"slightly":[233],"better":[234],"accuracy.":[235],"provided":[240],"good":[241],"performances,":[242],"especially":[243],"undersampling":[246],"classification":[254,267],"performed":[256],"best":[257],"undersampled":[260],"It":[262],"concluded":[264],"has":[268],"highest":[270],"impact":[271],"cell":[273],"use,":[275],"followed":[276],"by":[277],"age":[279],"group,":[280],"gender,":[282],"vehicle":[283],"type,":[284],"and,":[285],"finally,":[286],"seatbelt":[288],"usage.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-07-08T00:00:00"}