{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383500441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","title":"A Multiphase Semistatic Training Method for Swarm Confrontation Using Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"A Multiphase Semistatic Training Method for Swarm Confrontation Using Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383500441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455769","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10348848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2955442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2023/2955442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2023/2955442.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044678024","display_name":"He Gao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0411-1774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0411-1774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0411-1774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014751822","display_name":"Yaoguo Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2232-9950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2232-9950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoguo Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2232-9950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076691153","display_name":"Huanli Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-7349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-7349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanli Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-7349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066106491","display_name":"Jiale Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiale Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069911568","display_name":"S. F. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuozhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076691153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":0.3506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54122411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":"2955442","last_page":"2955442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-deep-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"multi-agent deep reinforcement learning","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-efficiency","display_name":"training efficiency","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unity-ml-agents","display_name":"Unity ML-Agents","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-based-training","display_name":"game-based training","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.7491455078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7152631878852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6769607663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.644790768623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.6293367147445679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.46005886793136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43917083740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2955442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2023/2955442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10348848","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10348848","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10348848/pdf/CIN2023-2955442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37455769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2023/2955442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2955442","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2023/2955442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2397936037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3255750701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A1515011262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3545294116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A1515011262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3825947878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515012584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4349763606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6114888300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G776946109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G94393802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515012584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383500441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383500441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W206679605","https://openalex.org/W1583301331","https://openalex.org/W2076337359","https://openalex.org/W2083522202","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2132600297","https://openalex.org/W2134672787","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2172933221","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2402402867","https://openalex.org/W2516180069","https://openalex.org/W2575705757","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2623431351","https://openalex.org/W2626637010","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2741375793","https://openalex.org/W2889987506","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2939569248","https://openalex.org/W2964338167","https://openalex.org/W2996037775","https://openalex.org/W3116846474","https://openalex.org/W3183630977","https://openalex.org/W3213651148","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4304606596","https://openalex.org/W2966848886","https://openalex.org/W4365998232","https://openalex.org/W3016335401","https://openalex.org/W4313890279","https://openalex.org/W2966476822","https://openalex.org/W2973408519","https://openalex.org/W4401205927","https://openalex.org/W4413967756","https://openalex.org/W3216213069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,18],"this":[1,138],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,20,53],"propose":[4],"a":[5,22,40],"multiphase":[6,51,132],"semistatic":[7,86,133],"training":[8,58,63,129,134,144],"method":[9,135],"for":[10,73],"swarm":[11,23],"confrontation":[12,24],"using":[13],"multi-agent":[14],"deep":[15],"reinforcement":[16],"learning.":[17],"particular,":[19],"build":[21],"game,":[25],"the":[26,32,37,47,55,66,70,82,88,100,105,108,126,131,143,150,155],"3V3":[27],"tank":[28],"fight,":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31,148],"Unity":[33],"platform":[34],"and":[35,114,160],"train":[36],"agents":[38],"by":[39,85],"MDRL":[41],"algorithm":[42],"called":[43],"MA-POCA,":[44],"coming":[45],"with":[46,157],"ML-Agent":[48],"toolkit.":[49],"By":[50],"learning,":[52,87],"split":[54],"traditional":[56,127],"single":[57],"phase":[59,75],"into":[60],"multiple":[61],"consecutive":[62],"phases,":[64],"where":[65],"performance":[67],"level":[68],"of":[69],"strong":[71,89,156],"team":[72,90,110],"each":[74],"increases":[76],"in":[77,91,123,137],"an":[78],"incremental":[79],"way.":[80],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"all":[92],"phases":[93],"will":[94],"stop":[95],"learning":[96],"when":[97],"fighting":[98],"against":[99],"weak":[101,109,151],"team,":[102],"which":[103],"reduces":[104],"possibility":[106],"that":[107],"keeps":[111],"being":[112],"defeated":[113],"learns":[115],"nothing":[116],"at":[117],"all.":[118],"Comprehensive":[119],"experiments":[120],"prove":[121],"that,":[122],"contrast":[124],"to":[125],"single-phase":[128],"method,":[130],"proposed":[136],"paper":[139],"can":[140],"significantly":[141],"increase":[142],"efficiency,":[145],"shedding":[146],"lights":[147],"how":[149],"could":[152],"learn":[153],"from":[154],"less":[158],"time":[159],"computational":[161],"cost.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-07-08T00:00:00"}