{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382939149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","title":"Misconduct in research: The troubling practice of salami slicing","display_name":"Misconduct in research: The troubling practice of salami slicing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382939149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JGMCN/article/download/56137/42076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199813","display_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","issn_l":"2070-4240","issn":["2070-4240","2070-4259"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405257102","host_organization_name":"Gandaki Medical College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JGMCN/article/download/56137/42076","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007999997","display_name":"Krishna Subedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-1751","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-1751"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257102","display_name":"Gandaki Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04wqh1h93","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Subedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-1751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088872488","display_name":"Nuwadatta Subedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-1196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-1196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257102","display_name":"Gandaki Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04wqh1h93","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuwadatta Subedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-1196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13607","display_name":"Academic Publishing and Open Access","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salami-slicing","display_name":"salami slicing","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-misconduct","display_name":"research misconduct","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-ethics","display_name":"publication ethics","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-partitioning","display_name":"data partitioning","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publish-or-perish","display_name":"publish or perish","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-integrity","display_name":"research integrity","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-research","display_name":"medical research","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.8736816644668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295","display_name":"Misconduct","level":2,"score":0.6070306897163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95121780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428632","display_name":"Scientific misconduct","level":3,"score":0.5058886408805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43850669264793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34524261951446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2539976239204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23022505640983582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1139100193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08215361833572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JGMCN/article/download/56137/42076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199813","display_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","issn_l":"2070-4240","issn":["2070-4240","2070-4259"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405257102","host_organization_name":"Gandaki Medical College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea4cd602e3a94f9db6e5a8fefbe686cd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea4cd602e3a94f9db6e5a8fefbe686cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v16i1.56137","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JGMCN/article/download/56137/42076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199813","display_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","issn_l":"2070-4240","issn":["2070-4240","2070-4259"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405257102","host_organization_name":"Gandaki Medical College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257102"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382939149.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382939149.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588697538","https://openalex.org/W1963782651","https://openalex.org/W1978935482","https://openalex.org/W1986071582","https://openalex.org/W2020389884","https://openalex.org/W2038797281","https://openalex.org/W2083883688","https://openalex.org/W2120500406","https://openalex.org/W2169247451","https://openalex.org/W2296160973","https://openalex.org/W2322757475","https://openalex.org/W2755257234","https://openalex.org/W2803502265","https://openalex.org/W2914199159","https://openalex.org/W3014194430","https://openalex.org/W3118628553","https://openalex.org/W4283018577","https://openalex.org/W4318190950","https://openalex.org/W4392145873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132287354","https://openalex.org/W2803502265","https://openalex.org/W4283018577","https://openalex.org/W1744932876","https://openalex.org/W4388504582","https://openalex.org/W2530105616","https://openalex.org/W4388838205","https://openalex.org/W3037593113","https://openalex.org/W7134846721","https://openalex.org/W2027786633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"various":[1],"scientific":[2,181,263],"misconducts":[3],"like":[4],"fabrication,":[5],"falsifications,":[6],"plagiarism,":[7],"and":[8,18,25,64,139,169,207,241,244,249,337],"salami":[9,11,36,153,197,227,266,315],"slicing,":[10],"slicing":[12,37,154,172,198,228],"is":[13,19,99,183,202,231,247,327,340],"very":[14],"difficult":[15],"to":[16,31,39,51,106,131,156,262,329,349],"identify":[17],"also":[20,100],"considered":[21],"less":[22,27],"serious":[23],"misconduct":[24],"got":[26],"attention":[28],"as":[29,102],"compared":[30],"others.":[32],"1":[33],"In":[34],"research,":[35],"refers":[38,155],"the":[40,49,60,72,78,90,94,120,176,194,208,217,245,271,280,304,325,355],"improper":[41],"or":[42,59,67,84,104,148,275],"unwarranted":[43],"splitting":[44],"of":[45,62,82,92,96,109,118,152,159,179,189,196,219,237,265,283,318,357],"data":[46,74,284,311],"that":[47],"has":[48],"potential":[50],"be":[52,297],"included":[53],"in":[54,77,112,123,199,286,321,335],"a":[55,110,124,157,186,235,300,322],"single":[56,125,301],"meaningful":[57],"article":[58],"practice":[61],"preparing":[63],"submitting":[65],"two":[66,224],"more":[68,276],"articles":[69],"derived":[70],"from":[71,234,279,344],"same":[73,272,281,305],"set,":[75],"typically":[76],"\"minimum":[79],"publishable":[80,86],"unit":[81],"research\"":[83],"\"least":[85],"unit\"":[87],"merely":[88],"with":[89,216,299],"purpose":[91],"increasing":[93],"number":[95],"publications.2,3":[97],"It":[98],"defined":[101],"publishing":[103],"seeking":[105],"publish":[107,330],"parts":[108],"study":[111,302],"several":[113],"papers":[114],"by":[115,145,185],"authors":[116],"instead":[117],"providing":[119],"full":[121],"story":[122],"paper.4":[126],"The":[127,150],"sliced":[128],"publications":[129,277,295,358],"tend":[130],"have":[132,213],"similar":[133],"authors,":[134,319],"research":[135,201],"questions,":[136],"hypotheses,":[137],"methodologies,":[138],"participant":[140],"cohorts":[141],"but":[142],"may":[143],"differ":[144],"specific":[146],"outcomes":[147],"subgroups.5":[149],"concept":[151,195],"variety":[158],"deceitful":[160],"tactics":[161,254],"encompassing":[162],"psychological":[163],"manipulation,":[164],"including":[165],"hacking,":[166],"confidence":[167],"tricks,":[168],"theft.6":[170],"Salami":[171],"takes":[173],"place":[174],"when":[175],"primary":[177],"goal":[178],"advancing":[180],"knowledge":[182],"overshadowed":[184],"secondary":[187],"motive":[188],"pursuing":[190],"external":[191],"benefits.5":[192],"While":[193],"medical":[200],"not":[203],"new,":[204],"its":[205],"implications":[206],"accompanying":[209],"debate":[210],"surrounding":[211],"it":[212],"gained":[214],"prominence":[215],"advancement":[218,339],"time.7":[220],"There":[221],"are":[222,290],"primarily":[223],"reasons":[225],"why":[226],"occurs:":[229],"one":[230],"unintentional,":[232],"stemming":[233],"lack":[236],"awareness":[238],"regarding":[239],"itself":[240],"ethical":[242],"considerations,":[243],"other":[246],"intentional":[248,314],"fraudulent.Publications":[250],"produced":[251],"through":[252,354],"salami-slicing":[253],"often":[255],"reflect":[256],"propaganda":[257],"rather":[258],"than":[259],"genuine":[260],"contributions":[261],"knowledge.6Features":[264],"slicing:":[267],"I.Each":[268],"publication":[269],"tests":[270],"hypothesis":[273],"II.Two":[274],"drawn":[278],"body":[282],"except":[285],"some":[287],"conditions":[288],"which":[289],"described":[291],"below":[292],"where":[293,324],"multiple":[294],"can":[296],"made":[298],"III.Repeating":[303],"results,":[306],"6":[307],"overlapping":[308],"words":[309],"particularly":[310,320],"8Reasons":[312],"for":[313,331],"slicing:IV.The":[316],"aspirations":[317],"culture":[323],"pressure":[326],"built":[328],"tenure,":[332],"promotion,":[333],"increase":[334],"salary,":[336],"career":[338],"high":[341],"9V.":[342],"Pressure":[343],"grant":[345],"funders":[346],"10":[347],"VI.Pressured":[348],"inflate":[350],"their":[351],"curriculum":[352],"vitae":[353],"addition":[356],"11":[359]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2023-07-04T00:00:00"}
