{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382599663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","title":"The Structural Causes and Trend Evolution of Imbalance and Insufficiency of Development of Digital Inclusive Finance in China","display_name":"The Structural Causes and Trend Evolution of Imbalance and Insufficiency of Development of Digital Inclusive Finance in China","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382599663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10286/pdf?version=1688027093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10286/pdf?version=1688027093","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602644","display_name":"Minghua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-4599","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-4599"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minghua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102517237","display_name":"Qinru Chu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinru Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043724820","display_name":"Tengwen Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745736","display_name":"Qian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-5590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-5590"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068343244","display_name":"Jianxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2128-6015","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2128-6015"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020022323","display_name":"Woraphon Yamaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-1437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-1437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woraphon Yamaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-1437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100602644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":1.5673,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85446483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"13","first_page":"10286","last_page":"10286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.6509000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.6509000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.29829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.0284000001847744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-financial-inclusion","display_name":"digital financial inclusion","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-inclusion","display_name":"financial inclusion","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uneven-regional-development","display_name":"regional development imbalance","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-development-gap","display_name":"regional development gap","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-impact","display_name":"COVID-19 impact","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/club-convergence","display_name":"club convergence","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matthew-effect","display_name":"Matthew effect","score":0.9940000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7468129396438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5550402998924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118671147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578714","display_name":"Quantile","level":2,"score":0.5096185207366943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4118538498878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3658342957496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.29468411207199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10498449206352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10286/pdf?version=1688027093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1929.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1929.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1929.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.1929/v1/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:13:p:10286-:d:1182527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10286/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151310286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10286/pdf?version=1688027093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1592967598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22BJY191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","funder_display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382599663.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382599663.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520811918","https://openalex.org/W1972191795","https://openalex.org/W2060696376","https://openalex.org/W2402946146","https://openalex.org/W2611109544","https://openalex.org/W2658952346","https://openalex.org/W2739241839","https://openalex.org/W2788597170","https://openalex.org/W2892265394","https://openalex.org/W2910233051","https://openalex.org/W2944246757","https://openalex.org/W2973338680","https://openalex.org/W3032940444","https://openalex.org/W3111037217","https://openalex.org/W3112298362","https://openalex.org/W3119773245","https://openalex.org/W3123557974","https://openalex.org/W3194688642","https://openalex.org/W3205881125","https://openalex.org/W3208365531","https://openalex.org/W3213137100","https://openalex.org/W4200263430","https://openalex.org/W4200520388","https://openalex.org/W4205110720","https://openalex.org/W4210387315","https://openalex.org/W4223994600","https://openalex.org/W4225981502","https://openalex.org/W4226138128","https://openalex.org/W4282034872","https://openalex.org/W4293052890","https://openalex.org/W4293874863","https://openalex.org/W4296825991","https://openalex.org/W4306293873","https://openalex.org/W4306929739","https://openalex.org/W4307274074","https://openalex.org/W4308342090","https://openalex.org/W4308452506","https://openalex.org/W4313317752","https://openalex.org/W4313430824","https://openalex.org/W4317930151","https://openalex.org/W4320856202","https://openalex.org/W4322502080","https://openalex.org/W4361017474","https://openalex.org/W4364374298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381834904","https://openalex.org/W4319777727","https://openalex.org/W3176589374","https://openalex.org/W4281550819","https://openalex.org/W4372361241","https://openalex.org/W4382996487","https://openalex.org/W4318832455","https://openalex.org/W4404471086","https://openalex.org/W4300772167","https://openalex.org/W4393394274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,43,50,79,91,99,106,115,119,142,146,150,156,167,180,188,203,209,212,220,233,238,250],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,41,76],"measure":[4],"digital":[6,53,128,227],"financial":[7],"inclusion":[8],"index":[9],"of":[10,26,33,45,49,52,82,127,137,160,172,177,184,196,211,226,240],"31":[11],"provinces":[12],"in":[13,56,96,187,200,230,249],"China":[14,57,97,201,231],"from":[15],"2011":[16],"to":[17,166],"2020":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20],"three":[21,205],"dimensions:":[22],"coverage":[23,173],"breadth,":[24],"depth":[25,176],"use":[27,178],"and":[28,38,47,58,62,71,84,98,145,152,175,202,232,246,253],"digitalization":[29],"degree.":[30],"By":[31],"means":[32],"weighted":[34],"Dagum":[35],"Gini":[36],"coefficient":[37],"quantile":[39],"standardization,":[40],"explored":[42],"degree":[44],"imbalance":[46,83,125,138,159,171],"insufficiency":[48],"development":[51,121,131,147,162,186,224],"inclusive":[54,129,228],"finance":[55,130,229],"four":[59,100,189,234],"major":[60,101,190,206,235],"regions":[61,102,154,236],"its":[63,110],"structural":[64,182],"causes.":[65],"Using":[66],"Kernel":[67],"density":[68],"estimation":[69],"method":[70],"Markov":[72],"chain":[73],"analysis":[74],"method,":[75],"further":[77],"investigates":[78],"evolution":[80],"trend":[81,195],"insufficiency.":[85],"The":[86,124,135,158,170,216,223],"study":[87],"finds":[88],"that":[89],"(1)":[90],"Digital":[92],"Inclusive":[93],"Financial":[94],"Index":[95],"rise":[103],"significantly,":[104],"with":[105,208],"COVID-19":[107],"epidemic":[108],"reducing":[109],"growth":[111],"rate.":[112],"Of":[113],"these,":[114],"eastern":[116,143,151],"region":[117,218],"has":[118,133],"highest":[120,140],"level.":[122],"(2)":[123],"level":[126,136],"obviously":[132],"reduced.":[134],"is":[139,155,163,179,193,219,237],"within":[141],"region,":[144],"gap":[148],"between":[149],"western":[153,217,254],"widest.":[157],"overall":[161],"mainly":[164],"due":[165],"regional":[168],"imbalance.":[169],"breadth":[174,239],"main":[181],"cause":[183],"unbalanced":[185],"regions.":[191,255],"There":[192,242],"a":[194],"bipolarization":[197],"or":[198],"multipolarization":[199],"other":[204],"regions,":[207],"exception":[210],"central":[213,252],"region.":[214],"(3)":[215],"least":[221],"developed.":[222],"shortcoming":[225],"coverage.":[241],"are":[243],"\"Club":[244],"Convergence\"":[245],"\"Matthew":[247],"Effect\"":[248],"eastern,":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2023-06-30T00:00:00"}
