{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382394842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","title":"Exit pupil quality analysis and optimization in freeform afocal telescope systems","display_name":"Exit pupil quality analysis and optimization in freeform afocal telescope systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382394842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37475289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.496444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012151387","display_name":"Aaron M. Bauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-8264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-8264"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-8264","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chi Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004153189","display_name":"Jannick P. Rolland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannick P. Rolland","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.8703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6626364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"15","first_page":"24691","last_page":"24691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeform-optics","display_name":"freeform optics","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-mirror-system","display_name":"three-mirror system","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeform-surface-design","display_name":"freeform surface design","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18229684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9397013","display_name":"Exit pupil","level":3,"score":0.6377087831497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.6325583457946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6321958899497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6211592555046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780848835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4213","display_name":"Telescope","level":2,"score":0.6079689264297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4162617325782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99954952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359518","display_name":"Entrance pupil","level":3,"score":0.4152739644050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2360369861125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.17991888523101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.496444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37475289","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37475289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.496444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.496444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2883638933","display_name":"Phase II IUCRC at University of Rochester:  Center for Freeform Optics","funder_award_id":"1822049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3538256693","display_name":"Phase II IUCRC at University of North Carolina, Charlotte:  Center for Freeform Optics (CeFO)","funder_award_id":"1822026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391249918","display_name":"I/UCRC:  Collaborative Research: Center for Freeform Optics","funder_award_id":"1338877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8496923242","display_name":"I/UCRC:  Collaborative Research: Center for Freeform Optics","funder_award_id":"1338898","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980733262","https://openalex.org/W1985345107","https://openalex.org/W2035442500","https://openalex.org/W2083574163","https://openalex.org/W2091378474","https://openalex.org/W2228369830","https://openalex.org/W2298616127","https://openalex.org/W2611341288","https://openalex.org/W2739840191","https://openalex.org/W2744975902","https://openalex.org/W2800507607","https://openalex.org/W2903660015","https://openalex.org/W2917108842","https://openalex.org/W2961335952","https://openalex.org/W2979597456","https://openalex.org/W2988899830","https://openalex.org/W3092015456","https://openalex.org/W3111777476","https://openalex.org/W3118956845","https://openalex.org/W3177345726","https://openalex.org/W3205406589","https://openalex.org/W4280648413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2228369830","https://openalex.org/W4396916867","https://openalex.org/W4407305365","https://openalex.org/W4391318296","https://openalex.org/W2996393459","https://openalex.org/W4380624917","https://openalex.org/W2055450151","https://openalex.org/W4404812723","https://openalex.org/W7117718676","https://openalex.org/W2066729155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Afocal":[0],"telescopes":[1,78],"are":[2],"often":[3],"used":[4],"as":[5],"foreoptics":[6],"to":[7,11,66,85,116],"existing":[8,24],"imaging":[9,25,40],"systems":[10,110],"allow":[12],"for":[13,74],"application":[14],"flexibility.":[15],"To":[16],"properly":[17],"combine":[18],"an":[19,23,80],"afocal":[20,32,51,77,109],"telescope":[21,33,52],"with":[22,79],"system,":[26],"the":[27,31,35,39,46,50,61,89,102,113,118],"exit":[28,47,90,119],"pupil":[29,37,48,91,120],"of":[30,38,49,93,104],"and":[34,64,87,111],"entrance":[36],"system":[41],"must":[42,53,59],"be":[43,54,60],"coincident.":[44],"Additionally,":[45],"well-formed;":[55],"that":[56],"is,":[57],"it":[58],"correct":[62],"size":[63],"shape":[65],"mitigate":[67],"pupil-matching":[68],"challenges.":[69],"This":[70],"work":[71],"introduces":[72],"processes":[73],"designing":[75],"freeform":[76,106],"emphasis":[81],"on":[82],"understanding":[83],"how":[84],"analyze":[86],"control":[88],"quality":[92],"such":[94],"systems.":[95],"The":[96],"included":[97],"3-mirror":[98],"design":[99],"examples":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"advantages":[103],"using":[105],"surfaces":[107],"in":[108],"quantify":[112],"tradeoffs":[114],"required":[115],"improve":[117],"quality.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-06-29T00:00:00"}
