{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380488244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019","title":"Classifying Soil Sulfate Concentration Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Random Forest Algorithm","display_name":"Classifying Soil Sulfate Concentration Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Random Forest Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380488244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/9780784484906.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306501207","display_name":"ASCE International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Airfield and Highway Pavements 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047997094","display_name":"Mina Zamanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7388-4543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7388-4543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305343817","display_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ky21x08","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mina Zamanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Dept. of Transportation","Univ. of Texas at Arlington","Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Dept. of Transportation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Texas at Arlington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061748154","display_name":"Natnael Tilahun Asfaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6434-5647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6434-5647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305343817","display_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ky21x08","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natnael Asfaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Dept. of Transportation","Univ. of Texas at Arlington","Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Dept. of Transportation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Texas at Arlington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113156746","display_name":"Prakash Chavda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305343817","display_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ky21x08","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prakash Chavda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Dept. of Transportation","Univ. of Texas at Arlington","Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Dept. of Transportation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Texas at Arlington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071926892","display_name":"Mohsen Shahandashti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-7596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-7596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305343817","display_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ky21x08","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Shahandashti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Dept. of Transportation","Univ. of Texas at Arlington","Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Dept. of Transportation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Texas at Arlington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Fort Worth, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Engineer, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Mesquite, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047997094","https://openalex.org/A5061748154","https://openalex.org/A5071926892","https://openalex.org/A5113156746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305343817","https://openalex.org/I189196454"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98636527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"204","last_page":"213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.6151999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.6151999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.13349999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.04309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity-tomography","display_name":"electrical resistivity tomography","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest-classification","display_name":"random forest classification","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-sulfate","display_name":"calcium sulfate","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imbalanced-data-classification","display_name":"imbalanced classification","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smote-oversampling","display_name":"SMOTE oversampling","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pavement-subgrade","display_name":"pavement subgrade","score":0.6639999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172290","display_name":"Sulfate","level":2,"score":0.8666751384735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6558319330215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.5204116106033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.509893536567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4817343056201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4652695655822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.45966657996177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.4463299810886383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4277097284793854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.32898759841918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2579450309276581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.23520153760910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23157569766044617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20636940002441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2021641731262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.08659031987190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08271414041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/9780784484906.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306501207","display_name":"ASCE International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Airfield and Highway Pavements 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4390000104904175},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625695193","https://openalex.org/W1797580880","https://openalex.org/W2090813587","https://openalex.org/W2121013825","https://openalex.org/W2162026442","https://openalex.org/W2213612645","https://openalex.org/W2312655042","https://openalex.org/W2328931998","https://openalex.org/W2760535917","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2802502226","https://openalex.org/W2806290162","https://openalex.org/W2914965248","https://openalex.org/W2973400203","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3023268458","https://openalex.org/W3028378519","https://openalex.org/W3094732542","https://openalex.org/W4210949798","https://openalex.org/W4223930808","https://openalex.org/W4293764441","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4304150529","https://openalex.org/W4376645617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376645617","https://openalex.org/W4392193289","https://openalex.org/W2347302539","https://openalex.org/W7098011009","https://openalex.org/W2120760606","https://openalex.org/W1886252322","https://openalex.org/W3082875264","https://openalex.org/W2026050061","https://openalex.org/W2950478184","https://openalex.org/W4392090717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"the":[1,7,88,97,139,145,179,191,197,201,208,214,234,242,279],"levels":[2,58,215,252,285],"of":[3,9,31,36,46,90,100,105,200,216,228,256,282,294],"sulfate":[4,32,38,47,56,91,103,113,120,146,217,250,262,283],"concentration":[5,57,92,218,251,263,284],"and":[6,21,28,59,67,93,159,162,195,222,260,274,286,305,308],"extent":[8],"zones":[10],"prone":[11],"to":[12,26,44,86,118,125,143,189],"sulfate-induced":[13,295],"heaving":[14],"is":[15],"essential":[16],"in":[17,114,240,248,272],"designing":[18],"appropriate":[19],"stabilization":[20],"modification":[22],"methods.":[23],"However,":[24],"due":[25],"spatial":[27,280],"temporal":[29],"variations":[30],"minerals,":[33],"conventional":[34],"methods":[35],"measuring":[37],"that":[39,207,233],"provides":[40],"point-specific":[41],"data":[42,137],"lead":[43],"misrepresentation":[45],"concentration.":[48],"This":[49,204],"study":[50,205],"proposes":[51],"an":[52,168,226],"approach":[53,267],"for":[54],"identifying":[55,287],"distributions":[60],"based":[61,81],"on":[62,77,82,96],"electrical":[63,98,220],"resistivity":[64,99,221],"imaging":[65],"(ERI)":[66],"random":[68,129,209,235],"forest":[69,130,210,236],"(RF)":[70],"algorithm.":[71],"Laboratory":[72],"experiments":[73],"were":[74,108],"carried":[75],"out":[76],"several":[78],"soil":[79,106],"samples":[80,107],"a":[83,181,254,290],"factorial":[84],"design":[85],"assess":[87],"effects":[89],"water":[94],"content":[95,224],"soils.":[101],"The":[102,230,265],"concentrations":[104,121,147],"modified":[109],"by":[110,277],"adding":[111],"calcium":[112],"1,000":[115],"ppm":[116,158],"increments":[117],"represent":[119],"ranging":[122],"from":[123,138,245],"0":[124],"12,000":[126],"ppm.":[127],"A":[128],"model":[131],"was":[132,187],"then":[133],"trained":[134,202],"using":[135,219],"collected":[136],"laboratory":[140],"(382":[141],"observations)":[142],"classify":[144],"into":[148],"three":[149],"levels:":[150],"low":[151,259],"(below":[152],"3,000":[153,157],"ppm),":[154,161],"medium":[155],"(between":[156],"8,000":[160,165],"high":[163,261,292],"(above":[164],"ppm).":[166],"Facing":[167],"imbalanced":[169,192],"classification":[170],"problem":[171],"(i.e.,":[172],"one":[173],"class":[174,193],"has":[175],"more":[176],"observations":[177,244,247],"than":[178,258],"others),":[180],"synthetic":[182],"minority":[183],"over-sampling":[184],"technique":[185],"(SMOTE)":[186],"used":[188],"remedy":[190],"distribution":[194],"increase":[196],"predictive":[198],"performance":[199],"model.":[203],"showed":[206,232],"classifier":[211,237],"could":[212,268],"identify":[213],"moisture":[223],"with":[225,253,289],"accuracy":[227],"68.8%.":[229],"results":[231],"performs":[238],"better":[239],"determining":[241,278],"true":[243],"all":[246],"moderate":[249],"recall":[255],"79%":[257],"levels.":[264],"proposed":[266],"help":[269],"pavement":[270,302],"engineers":[271],"construction":[273],"treatment":[275],"decisions":[276,299],"variability":[281],"areas":[288],"potentially":[291],"risk":[293],"heaving.":[296],"Making":[297],"well-informed":[298],"can":[300],"prolong":[301],"service":[303],"life":[304],"lower":[306],"maintenance":[307],"rehabilitation":[309],"costs.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-06-14T00:00:00"}
