{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380051002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","title":"Causal relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Pieces of evidence from Afghanistan","display_name":"Causal relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Pieces of evidence from Afghanistan","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380051002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","pdf_url":"https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2023/vol9issue6/PartB/9-6-2-269.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764689006","display_name":"International journal of applied research","issn_l":"2394-5869","issn":["2394-5869","2394-7500"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614584","host_organization_name":"AkiNik Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614584"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AkiNik Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2023/vol9issue6/PartB/9-6-2-269.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092126416","display_name":"Waheedullah Hemat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-5526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-5526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186246823","display_name":"University of Lucknow","ror":"https://ror.org/03bdeag60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19231517","display_name":"Kabul University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht5pq60","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088304","display_name":"Ghazni University","ror":"https://ror.org/0075h8406","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]}],"countries":["AF","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waheedullah Hemat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","Research Scholar , Department of Economics , University of Lucknow , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India","Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","Research Scholar,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar , Department of Economics , University of Lucknow , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054900189","display_name":"Hameedullah Noori","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186246823","display_name":"University of Lucknow","ror":"https://ror.org/03bdeag60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19231517","display_name":"Kabul University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht5pq60","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088304","display_name":"Ghazni University","ror":"https://ror.org/0075h8406","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]}],"countries":["AF","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hameedullah Noori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","Research Scholar,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092126417","display_name":"Naqibullah Raihan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186246823","display_name":"University of Lucknow","ror":"https://ror.org/03bdeag60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19231517","display_name":"Kabul University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht5pq60","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088304","display_name":"Ghazni University","ror":"https://ror.org/0075h8406","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]}],"countries":["AF","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naqibullah Raihan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics , Kabul University , Kabul Afghanistan","Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","Research Scholar,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics , Kabul University , Kabul Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Ghazni University, Ghazni Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186246823"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19231517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65078554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"100","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afghanistan","display_name":"Afghanistan","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/official-exchange-rate","display_name":"official exchange rate","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granger-causality","display_name":"Granger causality","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-reform","display_name":"trade policy reform","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-development","display_name":"human capital development","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-sector-development","display_name":"financial sector development","score":0.8659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.8404254913330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7009779810905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.6278658509254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.5751340985298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5575867891311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.5216444134712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.5213897824287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506295513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438","display_name":"Economic integration","level":2,"score":0.4792313873767853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159009313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283159","display_name":"Distributed lag","level":2,"score":0.4623158872127533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.44988706707954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3600417673587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.29286542534828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","pdf_url":"https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2023/vol9issue6/PartB/9-6-2-269.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764689006","display_name":"International journal of applied research","issn_l":"2394-5869","issn":["2394-5869","2394-7500"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614584","host_organization_name":"AkiNik Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614584"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AkiNik Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i6b.10923","pdf_url":"https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2023/vol9issue6/PartB/9-6-2-269.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764689006","display_name":"International journal of applied research","issn_l":"2394-5869","issn":["2394-5869","2394-7500"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614584","host_organization_name":"AkiNik Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614584"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AkiNik Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380051002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380051002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902441818","https://openalex.org/W2061721471","https://openalex.org/W2107358347","https://openalex.org/W2144487922","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2898364120","https://openalex.org/W2970209432","https://openalex.org/W3008587963","https://openalex.org/W3194431865","https://openalex.org/W4237727734","https://openalex.org/W6945166337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970209432","https://openalex.org/W7221008706","https://openalex.org/W4399185861","https://openalex.org/W6999787876","https://openalex.org/W4224115888","https://openalex.org/W4225818222","https://openalex.org/W7220880929","https://openalex.org/W3128403141","https://openalex.org/W2008527464","https://openalex.org/W2531147439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trade":[0],"is":[1,25,238,254],"the":[2,7,41,107,126,141,157,160,174,188,193,216,236,247,251,257,297],"term":[3],"used":[4,124,154],"to":[5,50,91,105,155,279,309],"describe":[6],"willing":[8],"swapping":[9],"of":[10,44,76,84,116,159,173,240,250,259,291],"goods":[11,292],"or":[12],"services":[13],"between":[14,110,221],"economic":[15,114,190,203,225,313],"participants.":[16],"As":[17],"these":[18],"transactions":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,98,187,202,246],"mutual":[22],"agreement,":[23],"trade":[24,53,66,85,92,99,111,139,180,214,222,270,276,282,302],"commonly":[26],"perceived":[27],"as":[28,79,133,145,272,274],"beneficial":[29],"for":[30,125],"all":[31,163],"parties":[32],"involved.":[33],"In":[34],"earlier":[35],"times,":[36],"gold":[37],"and":[38,71,113,137,140,162,184,199,215,224,235,242,269,289,293,295,304],"silver":[39],"were":[40,165],"main":[42],"mediums":[43],"exchange":[45,143,194],"during":[46,287],"trade.":[47,81],"However,":[48,192],"due":[49],"different":[51],"obstacles,":[52],"was":[54],"predominantly":[55],"confined":[56],"within":[57],"a":[58,73,95,134,182,197,305],"country's":[59,189],"borders":[60],"in":[61,88],"more":[62],"recent":[63],"centuries.":[64],"Presently,":[65],"has":[67,86,122,152,181,196],"transcended":[68],"national":[69],"limits":[70],"encompasses":[72],"diverse":[74],"array":[75],"activities":[77],"known":[78],"international":[80],"This":[82],"type":[83],"grown":[87],"prominence":[89],"owing":[90],"liberalization,":[93],"with":[94],"specific":[96],"focus":[97],"openness,":[100],"therefore":[101],"this":[102],"paper":[103],"attempts":[104],"investigate":[106],"causal":[108],"relationship":[109],"openness":[112,223],"growth":[115],"Afghanistan.":[117],"A":[118],"time":[119],"series":[120],"data":[121],"been":[123,153],"period":[127],"2002\u20132020.":[128],"The":[129,170,205],"model":[130,217,237],"includes":[131],"GDP":[132,212],"dependent":[135],"variable":[136],"total":[138,179],"official":[142],"rate":[144,195],"independent":[146],"variables.":[147],"Augmented":[148],"Dicky":[149],"Fuller":[150],"test":[151,208],"check":[156],"stationary":[158,167],"variables":[161,164],"found":[166],"at":[168],"level.":[169],"experimental":[171],"results":[172,209],"regression":[175],"analysis":[176,249],"revealed":[177],"that":[178,211,230,256,284],"positive":[183],"significant":[185],"impact":[186,201],"growth.":[191,204,226,314],"negative":[198],"insignificant":[200],"Granger":[206],"causality":[207,220],"showed":[210],"causes":[213],"had":[218],"unidirectional":[219],"Diagnostic":[227],"tests":[228],"confirm":[229],"residuals":[231],"are":[232],"normally":[233],"distributed":[234],"devoid":[239],"autocorrelation":[241],"heteroscedasticity.":[243],"Therefore,":[244],"based":[245],"empirical":[248],"study":[252],"it":[253],"recommended":[255],"government":[258,298],"Afghanistan":[260],"should":[261,299],"prioritize":[262],"human":[263],"capital":[264],"development,":[265],"financial":[266],"sector":[267],"enlargement,":[268],"expansion,":[271],"well":[273],"improved":[275],"policy":[277],"reforms,":[278],"eliminate":[280],"numerous":[281],"restrictions":[283],"traders":[285],"face":[286],"imports":[288],"exports":[290],"services,":[294],"also":[296],"implement":[300],"lower":[301],"tariffs":[303],"shift":[306],"toward":[307],"liberalization":[308],"ensure":[310],"sustained":[311],"long-run":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-06-10T00:00:00"}