{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378966239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","title":"Raphael Oidtmann, Review of Richard Gaskins, The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court","display_name":"Raphael Oidtmann, Review of Richard Gaskins, The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378966239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chad022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/34/2/538/50829489/chad022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/34/2/538/50829489/chad022.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013030034","display_name":"Raphael Oidtmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-5840","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-5840"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Oidtmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adjunct Lecturer, Mannheim Law School , Germany","PhD Candidate, Goethe University Frankfurt , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adjunct Lecturer, Mannheim Law School , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD Candidate, Goethe University Frankfurt , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013030034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"apc_list":{"value":2673,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"538","last_page":"542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-court","display_name":"International Criminal Court","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appeals-chamber","display_name":"Appeals Chamber","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rome-statute","display_name":"Rome Statute","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-justice","display_name":"international criminal justice","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impunity","display_name":"impunity","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ad-hoc-tribunals","display_name":"ad hoc international criminal tribunals","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosecutorial-power","display_name":"prosecutorial power","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-republic-of-the-congo","display_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transitional-justice","display_name":"transitional justice","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-law","display_name":"international criminal law","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991949126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63485141","display_name":"Criminal court","level":3,"score":0.6595922708511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993506386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal trial","level":2,"score":0.5437390208244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5130916833877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5097605586051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46413156390190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991671634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757432","display_name":"Fair trial","level":3,"score":0.4600614607334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3458464741706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.16482013463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.058757662773132324}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chad022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/34/2/538/50829489/chad022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chad022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad022","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-pdf/34/2/538/50829489/chad022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378966239.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378966239.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088452223","https://openalex.org/W4281570370","https://openalex.org/W2883908170","https://openalex.org/W4401717922","https://openalex.org/W4293196118","https://openalex.org/W379324233","https://openalex.org/W614778813","https://openalex.org/W605784573","https://openalex.org/W2080557504","https://openalex.org/W423552928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,467,667,868,1265,1871],"conclusion":[1],"of":[2,10,19,51,70,77,95,101,105,141,152,178,188,195,217,228,258,266,277,306,321,375,405,412,478,487,507,517,550,554,561,565,617,628,631,639,658,663,671,700,711,718,740,775,793,801,875,902,916,967,971,987,1000,1015,1027,1065,1094,1111,1116,1128,1178,1208,1219,1227,1236,1262,1279,1289,1368,1405,1451,1495,1518,1523,1535,1541,1563,1583,1610,1613,1616,1628,1636,1659,1667,1669,1677,1701,1718,1727,1735,1752,1778,1830,1860,1866,1889,1931,1987,2005,2024,2066,2076,2098],"the":[3,8,11,16,20,38,49,56,63,68,71,75,86,102,106,165,179,186,192,204,218,229,234,263,314,318,327,333,376,383,388,395,403,425,432,447,453,458,476,481,488,493,504,508,513,518,523,526,579,603,607,615,632,640,644,653,656,683,709,716,731,746,766,790,798,806,829,833,850,872,900,905,911,917,925,944,957,961,964,988,1010,1016,1025,1036,1042,1046,1059,1063,1072,1109,1125,1132,1138,1144,1158,1195,1206,1210,1225,1255,1260,1271,1276,1287,1293,1300,1308,1317,1324,1334,1344,1349,1353,1360,1369,1390,1396,1399,1413,1421,1424,1440,1444,1461,1465,1472,1484,1507,1519,1533,1564,1581,1584,1596,1614,1617,1625,1637,1650,1660,1665,1670,1678,1684,1690,1702,1719,1725,1733,1736,1749,1766,1785,1789,1805,1813,1819,1827,1831,1842,1848,1858,1863,1869,1880,1915,1932,1936,1943,1979,1983,1996,2002,2019,2022,2026,2033,2038,2045,2067,2077,2084,2117,2123,2127,2134,2145],"Rome":[4,13,834,1638,1661,1679,1779],"Conference":[5],"in":[6,125,323,330,340,351,355,387,424,450,470,495,503,525,587,661,689,697,754,760,814,832,881,890,922,982,1013,1071,1079,1101,1137,1181,1194,1253,1323,1331,1339,1359,1420,1426,1480,1499,1521,1547,1561,1592,1630,1689,1708,1756,1772,1784,1862,1884,1892,1954,1982,1994,2044,2063,2083,2110,2133],"1998,":[7],"adoption":[9],"eponymous":[12],"Statute":[14,1662,1780],"and":[15,44,46,66,116,120,135,154,169,272,298,325,343,358,371,499,568,581,588,597,606,655,679,723,744,780,827,863,904,977,995,1006,1032,1035,1062,1082,1099,1106,1120,1135,1148,1168,1258,1327,1342,1346,1410,1434,1483,1527,1538,1558,1608,1657,1675,1686,1706,1768,1775,1781,1816,1868,1891,1952,1957,1998,2030,2037,2073,2081],"subsequent":[17,958],"inauguration":[18],"International":[21,39,59],"Criminal":[22,60],"Court":[23,235,377,962,1211,1849],"(ICC)":[24],"signified":[25],"a":[26,138,157,175,213,224,237,337,341,379,398,413,435,497,552,558,648,664,738,772,884,983,1054,1080,1175,1242,1403,1449,1492,1568,1578,1620,1640,1715,1739,1793,1846,1854,1911,1939,1955,1989,2070,2094],"paradigmatic":[27],"change":[28,1748],"for":[29,62,85,245,515,789,956,1173,1251,1316,1388,1432,1491,1580,1798,1851,1897,1966,2091,2114],"international":[30,270,410,437,555,562,794,1373,1496,1542,1898,1920,2119],"(criminal)":[31],"justice.1":[32],"More":[33],"than":[34,408,1531],"50":[35],"years":[36,966],"after":[37,430],"Military":[40],"Tribunals":[41,61],"at":[42,55,1216,1286,1935],"Nuremberg":[43],"Tokyo":[45],"still":[47,1052],"under":[48,849,1018,1633,1653,1672,1741],"impression":[50],"adjudicative":[52,787,1043,1508],"experiences":[53,1273],"obtained":[54],"ad":[57],"hoc":[58],"former":[64],"Yugoslavia":[65],"Rwanda,":[67],"establishment":[69],"ICC":[72,107,219,396,433,482,524,818,856,1151,1295],"seemingly":[73],"heralded":[74],"end":[76,1477,1489],"an":[78,129,268,409,786,823,1001,1231,1365,1556,1925,1975,2141],"era":[79],"too":[80],"often":[81],"characterized":[82,1948],"by":[83,203,402,444,522,730,935,1380,1724,1949],"impunity":[84,750,1490],"most":[87,100,622],"atrocious":[88],"crimes":[89,519,796,877,1497,1543,1651],"known":[90],"to":[91,249,282,287,292,295,541,571,642,727,938,1058,1108,1157,1189,1201,1205,1213,1297,1352,1476,1488,1604,1623,1647,1713,1732,1747,1825,1856,1914,2010,2017,2041,2144],"humanity.":[92],"While":[93,1161,2053],"scores":[94],"publications":[96,479],"have":[97,1248,1298,2088],"since":[98],"addressed":[99],"different":[103,1217,1256,1325,1605],"facets":[104],"\u2013":[108,122,183,600,611,704,725,1023,1074,1123,1153,1171,1185,1285,1292,1336],"including":[109,591,705],"its":[110,113,117,484,752,891,968,1102,1631],"institutional":[111],"framework,":[112,1246],"legal":[114,170,239,247,659,791,842,864,1007,1626,1750],"foundation":[115,1579],"external":[118,618],"role":[119,335,1560,2080],"activities":[121,385,1134,1587],"it":[123,474,1821,1962,2054],"has,":[124],"many":[126,516,2015],"ways,":[127],"remained":[128,275],"enigmatic":[130],"institution":[131],"attracting":[132],"scholarly":[133,353,1121],"attention":[134],"emerging":[136],"as":[137,156,220,236,336,378,434,551,612,614,805,822,895,1141,1143,1378,1510,1646,1754,1770,1782,1845],"prime":[139,799],"object":[140],"interdisciplinary":[142,369],"research.":[143],"Richard":[144,1905],"Gaskins\u2019":[145,471,629,698,815,1290,1709],"monograph":[146],"squarely":[147],"fits":[148],"into":[149,313,457,682,910,942,2001],"this":[150,542,811,1112,1416,1759,2105],"strand":[151],"scholarship":[153],"protrudes":[155],"meticulously":[158],"researched":[159],"study":[160,986,1022],"that":[161,184,198,254,273,394,534,1337,1460,1506,1552,1918,2012,2058,2125,2137],"not":[162,211,1269,1474,1575,1682,1762,1823,1874,1908,2061],"only":[163,837,1270,1475,1576,1909],"elucidates":[164],"Court\u2019s":[166,319,334,384,873,1133,1980,2068],"inner":[167],"functioning":[168],"telos":[171],"but":[172,1051,1283,1486,1588,1922],"also":[173,695,1187,1284,1312,1487,1589,1923,1965],"provides":[174,1088],"comprehensive":[176,485,984,1176],"account":[177,216,1930],"so-called":[180],"Congo":[181,196,389,460,527,990,1055,1196,1266,1309,1361,1397,1445,1466,1720,1843,1933,1984,2085],"Trials":[182],"is,":[185,1338],"set":[187],"cases":[189,1017,1257,1296,1529],"stemming":[190,491],"from":[191,475,492,675,765,883,1804,1973],"Democratic":[193],"Republic":[194,1049],"(DRC)":[197],"were":[199,762,1268],"ultimately":[200,896],"adjudicated":[201,520],"upon":[202,521,577,1471],"ICC\u2019s":[205,1011,2078],"Appeals":[206],"Chamber.":[207],"Although":[208],"Gaskins":[209,310,348,391,440,535,575,734,980,1087,1186,1447,1503,1599,1835,1906,1971,2059,2138],"does":[210,1761,2060],"provide":[212],"truly":[214],"novel":[215,436],"such,":[221],"he":[222,232,1458,1550,2007],"offers":[223],"fairly":[225],"nuanced":[226],"appraisal":[227],"institution.":[230],"Accordingly,":[231],"frames":[233],"genuine":[238],"forum,":[240],"providing":[241,463,1571,1577,1974],"\u2018a":[242],"unique":[243,1098,1166],"formula":[244],"applying":[246,1893],"principles":[248,1008],"concrete":[250],"cases\u2019":[251],"(at":[252,302,713,783,866,948,1281,1436,1900,2051],"60),":[253],"has":[255,274,511,536,686,1154,1907,2139],"\u2018gained":[256],"custody":[257],"\u2026":[259,757,853,913,1394,1878],"extravagant":[260],"hopes,":[261],"inheriting":[262],"historic":[264],"task":[265],"creating":[267],"enduring":[269],"structure\u2019":[271],"mindful":[276],"\u2018limits":[278],"on":[279,423,652,1241,1333,1513,1532,1595,1812,1978,2028,2035],"[its]":[280],"power":[281],"preempt":[283],"national":[284],"trials;":[285],"limits":[286,291],"prosecutorial":[288,1586],"zealotry;":[289],"[and]":[290,758],"any":[293,1694,2111],"attempt":[294,641],"go":[296],"back":[297,1840],"revisit":[299],"past":[300],"atrocities\u2019":[301],"130).":[303],"Being":[304],"aware":[305],"these":[307,681,972,1524,2102],"legal-institutional":[308],"caveats,":[309],"telescopically":[311],"zooms":[312],"legal-judicial":[315],"playground":[316],"demarcating":[317],"range":[320,1494],"activities,":[322,2069],"general,":[324],"within":[326,1275],"DRC":[328],"context,":[329,390],"particular.":[331],"Examining":[332],"distinct":[338],"actor":[339],"dynamic":[342,1392],"constantly":[344],"changing":[345],"(international)":[346],"environment,":[347],"skilfully":[349],"weaves":[350],"his":[352,368,442,636,997,1066,1903],"expertise":[354],"both":[356,578,1097,1481],"law":[357,406,720,1419],"philosophy:":[359],"Chapter":[360],"6":[361],"(\u2018ICC":[362],"Structures,":[363],"Dynamics,":[364],"Tensions\u2019)":[365],"exemplarily":[366],"highlights":[367],"orientation":[370],"conceptually":[372],"broad":[373,1493],"understanding":[374,419],"multifaceted":[380],"entity.":[381],"Scrutinizing":[382],"particularly":[386,532,888,1566,2132],"thus":[392,531,886,953,1076,2056],"claims":[393],"constitutes":[397],"judicial":[399,802],"entity":[400],"governed":[401],"dynamics":[404],"rather":[407,1530],"organization":[411],"sui":[414],"generis":[415],"character.":[416],"This":[417,692,1229,1697],"foundational":[418],"is":[420,483,530,635,694,797,1075,1096,1744,1919,1945,2055,2126,2131],"subsequently":[421],"expounded":[422],"book\u2019s":[426],"four":[427],"main":[428],"parts:":[429],"introducing":[431],"justice":[438,1383,1921,2043,2120],"institution,":[439],"develops":[441],"narrative":[443,1463],"starting":[445],"with":[446,810,893,1078,1215,1567,1649,1664,2093],"constitutive":[448],"conflict":[449,494,634,651,677,1184,1351,2046],"Ituri":[451,510,633,761,882,903,1350,1482,1867,1997,2128],"over":[452,932,1841,1853],"Hague-based":[454],"court,":[455],"leading":[456,1462],"three":[459,989,1089],"trials,":[461,991,1310,1398,1446,1721],"before":[462],"some":[464],"concluding":[465],"observations.":[466],"substantial":[468,539],"gem":[469],"book":[472,1944,2106],"distinguishing":[473],"myriads":[477,1207],"addressing":[480],"depiction":[486],"legal-political":[489],"ramifications":[490],"Ituri:":[496],"remote":[498],"war-torn":[500],"province":[501],"situated":[502],"north-eastern":[505],"extension":[506],"DRC,":[509],"constituted":[512],"locus":[514],"trials.":[528],"It":[529,2130],"laudable":[533],"devoted":[537],"two":[538],"chapters":[540],"oftentimes":[543],"neglected":[544],"region,":[545],"which":[546,769,1095,1311,1539],"can":[547,819,846],"be":[548,728,820,1714,2108],"conceived":[549],"panopticon":[553],"justice,":[556,2006],"comprising":[557,1024,1124],"wide":[559],"array":[560],"crimes,":[563,2032],"modes":[564,1888],"criminal":[566,572,1374,1516],"liability":[567,1517],"questions":[569],"pertaining":[570],"procedure.":[573],"Here,":[574,1086],"elaborates":[576],"macro-":[580],"micro-variables,":[582],"explaining":[583],"persisting":[584],"inter-communal":[585,1478],"violence":[586,1479],"beyond":[589],"Ituri,":[590],"land":[592],"disputes,":[593],"natural":[594],"resource":[595],"extraction":[596],"ethnic":[598],"tensions":[599,860,952],"primarily":[601,1469],"between":[602,647,721,861,974,1004],"agriculturalist":[604],"Lendu":[605],"pastoralist":[608],"Hema":[609],"groups":[610],"well":[613,1142,1852],"involvement":[616],"actors":[619,1179],"such":[620,804,1511],"as,":[621],"importantly,":[623],"Uganda.":[624],"A":[625,1303,1795],"core":[626,767,795,812],"characteristic":[627,955,1717],"assessment":[630,874,1115,1235,2075],"balanced":[637],"description":[638,699],"bridge":[643],"gaping":[645],"chasm":[646],"(still)":[649],"raging":[650],"ground":[654,1335],"initiation":[657],"proceedings":[660,1037,1152,1375],"front":[662],"distant":[665],"court.":[666],"interrelated":[668],"transmissive":[669],"process":[670,1509],"extracting":[672,1341],"victims\u2019":[673],"voices":[674],"active":[676,706],"theatres":[678],"transferring":[680,1343],"Hague":[684,1354],"courtroom":[685],"been":[687,879,1155,1249,1545,2089],"explored":[688],"contemporary":[690],"contributions.":[691],"phenomenon":[693],"traceable":[696],"how":[701,1537],"(legal)":[702],"obstacles":[703],"victim":[707,2099],"participation,":[708],"\u2018language":[710],"legality\u2019":[712],"159)":[714],"or":[715,1663,1693,1992],"dichotomy":[717],"situating":[719],"morality":[722],"practice":[724],"had":[726,770,878,1212,1544],"confronted":[729],"Court.":[732],"Consequently,":[733],"notes":[735],"that,":[736,1807],"\u2018[a]s":[737],"product":[739],"twentieth-century":[741],"European":[742],"experience":[743],"anxieties,":[745],"long":[747],"battle":[748],"against":[749,1038,1792],"met":[751],"match":[753],"central":[755],"Africa":[756],"[c]onditions":[759],"far":[763],"removed":[764],"paradigm,":[768],"universalized":[771],"Weberian":[773],"model":[774],"rational":[776],"planning,":[777],"organizational":[778],"bureaucracy,":[779],"charismatic":[781],"leadership\u2019":[782],"253).":[784],"Providing":[785],"forum":[788],"processing":[792],"function":[800],"institutions":[803],"ICC.":[807,1937],"In":[808,1415,1438],"complying":[809],"responsibility,":[813],"view,":[816,1710],"\u2018[t]he":[817,1382],"seen":[821],"experimental":[824],"exercise,":[825],"testing":[826,924],"recasting":[828],"original":[830,1691,1786],"language":[831],"Statute\u2019,":[835],"whereas":[836],"\u2018[t]ime":[838],"will":[839],"tell":[840],"whether":[841,1875],"procedures,":[843],"strictly":[844],"observed,":[845],"hold":[847],"up":[848,1429],"inevitable":[851],"criticisms.":[852],"[T]he":[854],"first":[855,1272,1294],"trials":[857,1026,1267,1362,1387,1467,1844,1881,1934],"[therefore]":[858],"magnified":[859],"moral":[862,1005],"principles\u2019":[865],"201).":[867],"overall":[869,1916,1976,2020,2079],"challenge":[870,1797,1859],"characterizing":[871,1348],"what":[876],"committed":[880,1498],"distance":[885],"became":[887,954],"observable":[889],"interaction":[892],"witnesses,":[894],"their":[897],"\u2018testimon[ies]":[898],"brought":[899],"challenges":[901,1209,1315],"CAR":[906,1485,1999],"[Central":[907],"African":[908,1048],"Republic]":[909],"courtroom.":[912,1355],"[While]":[914],"much":[915],"evidence":[918,941,976],"submitted":[919],"was":[920,1320,1363,1468,1822,1873],"circumstantial":[921],"nature,":[923],"Trial":[926],"Chamber\u2019s":[927],"fact-finding":[928,1332,1861],"capacity[,]":[929],"[d]isputes":[930],"arose":[931],"methods":[933,1326],"used":[934],"trial":[936,1056],"judges":[937,945,1591],"lever":[939],"weak":[940],"findings":[943],"deemed":[946],"persuasive\u2019":[947],"208).":[949],"These":[950],"inherent":[951,1002,1193],"proceedings,":[959,1197,1820],"occupying":[960],"throughout":[963,1443,1818],"early":[965],"existence.":[969],"Mindful":[970],"frictions":[973],"questionable":[975],"robust":[978],"findings,":[979],"engages":[981],"case":[985,1021],"thereby":[992,1574,1960],"further":[993,1722],"substantiating":[994],"exemplifying":[996],"previous":[998],"observation":[999],"tension":[1003],"guiding":[1009,1464],"operations":[1012,1136],"each":[1014,1093,1129,1164,1182,1220,1237,1522,1562,1799],"assessment.":[1019],"Each":[1020],"Thomas":[1028],"Lubanga,":[1029],"Germain":[1030],"Katanga":[1031],"Mathieu":[1033],"Ngudjolo,":[1034],"Jean-Pierre":[1039],"Bemba":[1040],"(shifting":[1041],"loci":[1044],"towards":[1045,1329,1570,1764,2096],"Central":[1047],"(CAR),":[1050],"considered":[1053],"due":[1057],"accused\u2019s":[1060],"nationality":[1061],"effects":[1064],"individual":[1067,1455,1515],"conduct":[1068],"taking":[1069],"effect":[1070],"DRC)":[1073],"dealt":[1077],"single":[1081],"carefully":[1083],"construed":[1084],"chapter.":[1085],"likewise":[1090],"insightful":[1091],"analyses,":[1092],"valuable":[1100],"respective":[1103,1139,1790,1814,1832],"contextual":[1104,1169,1828],"scope":[1105],"focus:":[1107],"knowledge":[1110,1811],"author,":[1113],"no":[1114],"comparable":[1117],"topical":[1118],"depth":[1119],"diligence":[1122],"historical":[1126],"background":[1127],"underlying":[1130,1183,1370],"conflict,":[1131],"situations":[1140],"public\u2019s":[1145],"engagement":[1146],"with,":[1147],"perception":[1149],"of,":[1150],"conducted":[1156],"present":[1159],"day.":[1160],"carving":[1162],"out":[1163,1505,1712],"situation\u2019s":[1165],"complexities":[1167],"circumstances":[1170,1347,1687,1769,1817],"including,":[1172,1222],"example,":[1174,2092],"analysis":[1177],"involved":[1180],"manages":[1188],"extract":[1190],"generalizable":[1191],"commonalities":[1192,1453],"while":[1198,1239,1681,1738,1808],"remaining":[1199],"cautious":[1200],"offer":[1202],"over-simplified":[1203],"solutions":[1204],"engage":[1214,2062],"stages":[1218],"proceeding,":[1221],"inter":[1223],"alia,":[1224],"admission":[1226],"evidence.":[1228],"notwithstanding,":[1230],"even":[1232],"more":[1233,1376,2071],"structured":[1234,2074],"situation,":[1238],"based":[1240],"clear":[1243,1990],"comparative":[1244],"analytical":[1245,1602],"would":[1247,2087],"helpful":[1250],"readers":[1252],"contrasting":[1254],"structuring":[1259],"wealth":[1261],"provided":[1263,1924,2140],"information.":[1264],"gathered":[1274],"\u2018Global":[1277],"Laboratory":[1278],"Justice\u2019":[1280],"1)":[1282],"time":[1288],"writing":[1291],"reached":[1299],"appeals":[1301],"stage.":[1302],"shared":[1304,1452],"commonality":[1305],"across":[1306],"all":[1307],"created":[1313],"profound":[1314],"parties":[1318],"involved,":[1319],"hence":[1321,1745],"identified":[1322],"approaches":[1328],"engaging":[1330],"identifying,":[1340],"facts":[1345,1685,1705,1753,1767,1815],"What":[1356],"visibly":[1357],"unfolded":[1358],"therefore":[1364,1643,1802,1836],"extended":[1366],"version":[1367],"controversies":[1371],"accompanying":[1372],"broadly:":[1377],"emphasized":[1379],"Gaskins,":[1381],"laboratory":[1384,2004],"needs":[1385],"completed":[1386],"scrutinizing":[1389],"whole":[1391],"spectrum.":[1393],"With":[1395,1902],"breadth":[1400],"now":[1401],"includes":[1402],"series":[1404],"judgments,":[1406],"dissents,":[1407],"reversals,":[1408],"concurrences,":[1409],"acquittals,":[1411],"alongside":[1412],"convictions.":[1414],"way,":[1417,1959],"\u201cthe":[1418],"books\u201d":[1422],"becomes":[1423],"\u201claw":[1425],"action\u201d,":[1427],"opening":[1428],"new":[1430],"possibilities":[1431],"critique":[1433],"evaluation\u2019":[1435],"449).":[1437,2052],"summarizing":[1439],"\u2018lessons":[1441],"learned\u2019":[1442],"synthesizes":[1448],"number":[1450],"among":[1454,2048],"proceedings.":[1456],"First,":[1457],"specifies":[1459],"grounded":[1470],"necessity":[1473],"Eastern":[1500],"Congo.":[1501],"Second,":[1502],"points":[1504],"focused":[1512],"establishing":[1514],"accused":[1520,1671],"highly":[1525],"complex":[1526,1887],"multi-layered":[1528],"question":[1534],"whether,":[1536],"kind":[1540],"perpetrated":[1546],"concreto.":[1548],"Third,":[1549],"reveals":[1551],"non-governmental":[1553],"organizations":[1554],"seized":[1555],"important":[1557],"activist":[1559],"cases,":[1565],"view":[1569,2095],"first-hand":[1572],"information,":[1573],"Office":[1582],"Prosecutor\u2019s":[1585],"supporting":[1590],"contextualizing":[1593],"developments":[1594],"ground.":[1597],"Fourth,":[1598],"devotes":[1600],"particular":[1601],"scrutiny":[1603],"chambers\u2019":[1606],"interpretation":[1607],"application":[1609],"Regulation":[1611,1757,1773],"55":[1612],"Regulations":[1615],"Court,2":[1618],"delineating":[1619],"chamber\u2019s":[1621],"authority":[1622],"modify":[1624,1826],"characterization":[1627,1751],"facts:":[1629],"decision":[1632],"Article":[1634,1776],"74":[1635],"Statute,":[1639,1680],"chamber":[1641,1801],"may":[1642],"proceed":[1644],"so":[1645],"accord":[1648],"stipulated":[1652,1783],"Articles":[1654,1673],"7,":[1655],"8":[1656],"9":[1658],"form":[1666],"participation":[1668],"25":[1674],"28":[1676],"exceeding":[1683],"described":[1688],"charges":[1692,1791],"amendment":[1695],"thereto.":[1696],"implicitly":[1698],"constraining":[1699],"purport":[1700,1829],"originally":[1703],"determined":[1704],"circumstances,":[1707,1743],"turned":[1711],"decisive":[1716],"amplified":[1723],"difficulties":[1726,1883],"gathering":[1728],"on-site":[1729],"information":[1730],"prior":[1731],"commencement":[1734],"proceedings:":[1737],"chamber,":[1740],"certain":[1742,1894],"empowered":[1746],"mentioned":[1755,1771],"52(c),":[1758],"competency":[1760],"extent":[1763],"altering":[1765],"52(b)":[1774],"74(2)":[1777],"document":[1787],"containing":[1788],"defendant.":[1794],"key":[1796],"concerned":[1800],"stemmed":[1803],"fact":[1806],"attaining":[1809],"additional":[1810],"competent":[1824],"case.":[1833],"As":[1834],"consequently":[1837],"highlights,":[1838],"\u2018[l]ooking":[1839],"whole,":[1847],"struggled":[1850],"decade":[1855],"meet":[1857],"rugged":[1864],"conditions":[1865],"CAR.":[1870],"issue":[1872],"atrocities":[1876],"occurred.":[1877],"But":[1879],"encountered":[1882],"sorting":[1885],"through":[1886],"liability,":[1890],"definitional":[1895],"criteria":[1896],"crimes\u2019":[1899],"423).":[1901],"monograph,":[1904],"added":[1910],"missing":[1912],"piece":[1913],"puzzle":[1917],"insightful,":[1926],"yet":[1927],"sporadically":[1928],"over-ambitious,":[1929],"Notwithstanding":[1938,2101],"few":[1940],"lengthy":[1941],"passages,":[1942],"joyously":[1946],"readable,":[1947],"fluid":[1950],"prose":[1951],"written":[1953],"precise":[1956],"intelligible":[1958],"making":[1961],"easily":[1963],"accessible":[1964],"audiences":[1967],"outside":[1968],"academia.":[1969],"Moreover,":[1970],"refrains":[1972],"verdict":[1977],"performance":[1981],"trials:":[1985],"instead":[1986],"postulating":[1988],"success":[1991],"failure":[1993],"bringing":[1995],"conflict(s)":[2000],"global":[2003],"remains":[2008],"eager":[2009],"underline":[2011],"\u2018[t]here":[2013],"are":[2014],"ways":[2016],"read":[2018],"results:":[2021],"scorecard":[2023],"convictions,":[2025],"record":[2027],"sexual":[2029],"gender":[2031],"impact":[2034,2082],"victims,":[2036],"long-term":[2039],"contributions":[2040],"restorative":[2042],"zones,":[2047],"other":[2049],"perspectives\u2019":[2050],"invigorating":[2057],"over-simplistic":[2064],"evaluations":[2065],"critical":[2072],"situation":[2086],"desirable,":[2090],"notions":[2097],"compensation.":[2100],"discrete":[2103],"lacunae,":[2104],"should":[2107],"included":[2109],"reading":[2112],"list":[2113],"courses":[2115],"covering":[2116],"ICC,":[2118],"and,":[2121],"especially,":[2122],"enigma":[2124],"conflict.":[2129],"latter":[2135],"context":[2136],"invaluable":[2142],"contribution":[2143],"field.":[2146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2023-06-02T00:00:00"}
