{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378619366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","title":"RSSI and Machine Learning-Based Indoor Localization Systems for Smart Cities","display_name":"RSSI and Machine Learning-Based Indoor Localization Systems for Smart Cities","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378619366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/eng4020085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4117/4/2/85/pdf?version=1685428718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179454","display_name":"Eng\u2014Advances in Engineering","issn_l":"2673-4117","issn":["2673-4117"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eng","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4117/4/2/85/pdf?version=1685428718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069106218","display_name":"R. M. M. R. Rathnayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7742-6365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7742-6365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197250369","display_name":"General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n37he08","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197250369"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. M. R. Rathnayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7742-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197250369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082627382","display_name":"M. W. P. Maduranga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-4999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-4999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197250369","display_name":"General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n37he08","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197250369"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madduma Wellalage Pasan Maduranga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-4999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197250369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080553103","display_name":"Valmik Tilwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-9027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-9027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valmik Tilwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-9027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017191477","display_name":"Maheshi Buddhinee Dissanayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-5441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-5441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111199411","display_name":"University of Peradeniya","ror":"https://ror.org/025h79t26","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maheshi B. Dissanayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-5441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080553103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1112},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1112},"fwci":5.475,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97408282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"1468","last_page":"1494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning","display_name":"indoor positioning","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indicator","display_name":"received signal strength indicator","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-navigation","display_name":"indoor navigation","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-based-services","display_name":"location-based services","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cities","display_name":"smart cities","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-accuracy","display_name":"positioning accuracy","score":0.777999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7117098569869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7024229764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667557954788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.6550619602203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4736170470714569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4667969346046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.44971147179603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37621524930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2978120744228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2880869507789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17272892594337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.11525040864944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/eng4020085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4117/4/2/85/pdf?version=1685428718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179454","display_name":"Eng\u2014Advances in Engineering","issn_l":"2673-4117","issn":["2673-4117"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eng","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c69bd0c7d59f4e31a6c66487cc7b264c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c69bd0c7d59f4e31a6c66487cc7b264c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Eng, Vol 4, Iss 2, Pp 1468-1494 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/eng4020085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4020085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4117/4/2/85/pdf?version=1685428718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179454","display_name":"Eng\u2014Advances in Engineering","issn_l":"2673-4117","issn":["2673-4117"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eng","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378619366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378619366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16331345","https://openalex.org/W2020770507","https://openalex.org/W2074542010","https://openalex.org/W2119233714","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2421910102","https://openalex.org/W2569351876","https://openalex.org/W2579544370","https://openalex.org/W2761190468","https://openalex.org/W2781631233","https://openalex.org/W2802810361","https://openalex.org/W2803965910","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2811258534","https://openalex.org/W2888967269","https://openalex.org/W2920009094","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2971921744","https://openalex.org/W2999785729","https://openalex.org/W3008332043","https://openalex.org/W3080399852","https://openalex.org/W3081923731","https://openalex.org/W3096050893","https://openalex.org/W3111367006","https://openalex.org/W3119096578","https://openalex.org/W3126780258","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3165087228","https://openalex.org/W3177876878","https://openalex.org/W3199284438","https://openalex.org/W3208231944","https://openalex.org/W3209606035","https://openalex.org/W3212076749","https://openalex.org/W4200369389","https://openalex.org/W4205197607","https://openalex.org/W4206493606","https://openalex.org/W4206665332","https://openalex.org/W4210659589","https://openalex.org/W4212783697","https://openalex.org/W4220947191","https://openalex.org/W4224238400","https://openalex.org/W4224272666","https://openalex.org/W4224313090","https://openalex.org/W4280560768","https://openalex.org/W4283157652","https://openalex.org/W4287219375","https://openalex.org/W4292085628","https://openalex.org/W4306768033","https://openalex.org/W4311101855","https://openalex.org/W4323536861","https://openalex.org/W4360856177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414283515","https://openalex.org/W4404689018","https://openalex.org/W4417404369","https://openalex.org/W4393644375","https://openalex.org/W3199488820","https://openalex.org/W4392011491","https://openalex.org/W4410115957","https://openalex.org/W4391898407","https://openalex.org/W4390505293","https://openalex.org/W7140087593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,6,40,84,92,104],"the":[4,16,38,85,102],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,30,64,71,88,111],"Machine":[10],"Learning":[11],"(ML)":[12],"has":[13],"significantly":[14],"increased":[15],"demand":[17],"for":[18,68,96],"Location-Based":[19],"Services":[20],"(LBS)":[21],"in":[22,47,56,58,73,107,113],"today\u2019s":[23],"world.":[24],"Among":[25],"these":[26],"services,":[27],"indoor":[28,41,48,94,114],"positioning":[29],"navigation":[31,72],"have":[32],"emerged":[33],"as":[34],"crucial":[35],"components,":[36],"driving":[37],"growth":[39],"localization":[42,70,95,109],"systems.":[43],"However,":[44],"using":[45],"GPS":[46],"environments":[49],"is":[50],"impractical,":[51],"leading":[52],"to":[53,79],"a":[54,81],"surge":[55],"interest":[57],"Received":[59],"Signal":[60],"Strength":[61],"Indicator":[62],"(RSSI)":[63],"machine":[65],"learning-based":[66],"algorithms":[67,106],"in-building":[69],"recent":[74],"years.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"aims":[78],"provide":[80],"comprehensive":[82],"review":[83],"technologies,":[86],"applications,":[87],"future":[89],"research":[90],"directions":[91],"ML-based":[93],"smart":[97],"cities.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"it":[100],"examines":[101],"potential":[103],"ML":[105],"improving":[108],"accuracy":[110],"performance":[112],"environments.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-05-29T00:00:00"}
