{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377097901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","title":"An IoT-Enabled E-Nose for Remote Detection and Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Hazards Using LoRa Network Protocol","display_name":"An IoT-Enabled E-Nose for Remote Detection and Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Hazards Using LoRa Network Protocol","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377097901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430799","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10222756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4885/pdf?version=1684469767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4885/pdf?version=1684469767","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088896928","display_name":"Kanak Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-0680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-0680"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanak Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-0680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053380193","display_name":"Shiv Nath Chaudhri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-2977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-2977"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiv Nath Chaudhri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal 518501, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-2977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal 518501, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111029026","display_name":"Navin Singh Rajput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-011X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-011X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Navin Singh Rajput","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-011X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102963093","display_name":"Alexey V. Shvetsov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-1727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-1727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131550537","display_name":"North-Eastern Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02p6aa271","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131550537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9115533","display_name":"Moscow Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03paz2a60","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9115533"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey V. Shvetsov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Technologies, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia","Department of Transport, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Technologies, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9115533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131550537"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026611227","display_name":"Radhya Sahal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-9069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-9069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27577105","display_name":"University College Cork","ror":"https://ror.org/03265fv13","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31605765","display_name":"Hodeidah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fkpm735","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31605765"]}],"countries":["IE","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radhya Sahal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Hodeidah University, Al Hodeidah P.O. Box 3114, Yemen","School of Computer Science and IT, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-9069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Hodeidah University, Al Hodeidah P.O. Box 3114, Yemen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31605765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and IT, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012786887","display_name":"Saeed Hamood Alsamhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-6979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-6979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78137547","display_name":"Ibb University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhcxc56","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78137547"]}],"countries":["YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Hamood Alsamhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Ibb University, Ibb P.O. Box 70270, Yemen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-6979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Ibb University, Ibb P.O. Box 70270, Yemen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78137547"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111029026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"fwci":4.4953,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96374806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4885","last_page":"4885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"electronic nose","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lora","display_name":"LoRa","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-wide-area-networks","display_name":"low-power wide-area networks","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-sensor-networks","display_name":"gas sensor networks","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatile-organic-compounds","display_name":"volatile organic compounds","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-oxide-gas-sensors","display_name":"metal oxide gas sensors","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tin-oxide","display_name":"tin oxide","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-transformation","display_name":"feature transformation","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-monitoring","display_name":"remote monitoring","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-smoke","display_name":"tobacco smoke","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incense","display_name":"incense","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier-comparison","display_name":"classifier comparison","score":0.32600000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.5054519176483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47537127137184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4628191888332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33659595251083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33575016260147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30355334281921387}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4885/pdf?version=1684469767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10222756","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10222756","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222756/pdf/sensors-23-04885.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37430799","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:008db993b11b4865abc58bae9b35b3ad","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/008db993b11b4865abc58bae9b35b3ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4885 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4885/pdf?version=1684469767","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377097901.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377097901.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1689366461","https://openalex.org/W1983811796","https://openalex.org/W1986969552","https://openalex.org/W1997082874","https://openalex.org/W2031270266","https://openalex.org/W2107651612","https://openalex.org/W2161455376","https://openalex.org/W2553695221","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2604649117","https://openalex.org/W2605194071","https://openalex.org/W2766489837","https://openalex.org/W2773526096","https://openalex.org/W2774622456","https://openalex.org/W2913077642","https://openalex.org/W2921688912","https://openalex.org/W3017136828","https://openalex.org/W3194146037","https://openalex.org/W4224222421","https://openalex.org/W4256150007","https://openalex.org/W4280600312","https://openalex.org/W4297347667","https://openalex.org/W4316661214","https://openalex.org/W4320712800","https://openalex.org/W4362519869","https://openalex.org/W4365509729","https://openalex.org/W4367321019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096573494","https://openalex.org/W3095843329","https://openalex.org/W4394854194","https://openalex.org/W4306758803","https://openalex.org/W3107882861","https://openalex.org/W7081962650","https://openalex.org/W7165179735","https://openalex.org/W2908921601","https://openalex.org/W4405602425","https://openalex.org/W3000159784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"and":[1,11,40,104,131,150,161,195,202],"monitoring":[2,44],"of":[3,36,45,58,116,156,216,228,235],"airborne":[4,46,100],"hazards":[5,47],"using":[6,61,113,178],"e-noses":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"lifesaving":[10],"prevented":[12],"accidents":[13],"in":[14,204],"real-world":[15],"scenarios.":[16],"E-noses":[17],"generate":[18],"unique":[19],"signature":[20],"patterns":[21],"for":[22,98],"various":[23,37],"volatile":[24],"organic":[25],"compounds":[26],"(VOCs)":[27],"and,":[28],"by":[29,54,112,153],"leveraging":[30],"artificial":[31],"intelligence,":[32],"detect":[33],"the":[34,138,165,172,179,205],"presence":[35],"VOCs,":[38],"gases,":[39],"smokes":[41],"onsite.":[42],"Widespread":[43],"across":[48],"many":[49],"remote":[50],"locations":[51],"is":[52],"possible":[53],"creating":[55],"a":[56,83,92,108,128,132,222,233],"network":[57],"gas":[59,86,109,123],"sensors":[60],"Internet":[62,75],"connectivity,":[63],"which":[64,90],"consumes":[65],"significant":[66],"power.":[67],"Long-range":[68],"(LoRa)-based":[69],"wireless":[70],"networks":[71],"do":[72],"not":[73],"require":[74],"connectivity":[76],"while":[77],"operating":[78],"independently.":[79],"Therefore,":[80],"we":[81,136],"propose":[82],"networked":[84],"intelligent":[85],"sensor":[87,110,124,139],"system":[88],"(N-IGSS)":[89],"uses":[91],"LoRa":[93,133],"low-power":[94,129],"wide-area":[95],"networking":[96],"protocol":[97],"real-time":[99],"pollution":[101],"hazard":[102],"detection":[103],"monitoring.":[105],"We":[106],"developed":[107],"node":[111,140],"an":[114],"array":[115],"seven":[117],"cross-selective":[118],"tin-oxide-based":[119],"metal-oxide":[120],"semiconductor":[121],"(MOX)":[122],"elements":[125],"interfaced":[126],"with":[127,221],"microcontroller":[130],"module.":[134],"Experimentally,":[135],"exposed":[137],"to":[141],"six":[142],"classes":[143],"i.e.,":[144],"five":[145],"VOCs":[146],"plus":[147],"ambient":[148],"air":[149],"as":[151],"released":[152],"burning":[154],"samples":[155,220],"tobacco,":[157],"paints,":[158],"carpets,":[159],"alcohol,":[160],"incense":[162],"sticks.":[163],"Using":[164],"proposed":[166,210],"two-stage":[167],"analysis":[168,183],"space":[169],"transformation":[170,207],"approach,":[171],"captured":[173],"dataset":[174],"was":[175],"first":[176],"preprocessed":[177],"standardized":[180],"linear":[181],"discriminant":[182],"(SLDA)":[184],"method.":[185],"Four":[186],"different":[187],"classifiers,":[188],"namely":[189],"AdaBoost,":[190],"XGBoost,":[191],"Random":[192],"Forest":[193],"(RF),":[194],"Multi-Layer":[196],"Perceptron":[197],"(MLP),":[198],"were":[199],"then":[200],"trained":[201],"tested":[203],"SLDA":[206],"space.":[208],"The":[209],"N-IGSS":[211],"achieved":[212],"\u201call":[213],"correct\u201d":[214],"identification":[215],"30":[217],"unknown":[218],"test":[219],"low":[223],"mean":[224],"squared":[225],"error":[226],"(MSE)":[227],"1.42":[229],"\u00d7":[230],"10\u22124":[231],"over":[232],"distance":[234],"590":[236],"m.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-20T00:00:00"}
