{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377090784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.09967","title":"Variable Length Embeddings","display_name":"Variable Length Embeddings","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377090784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.09967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.09967","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09967","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09967","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081220831","display_name":"Johnathan Chiu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiu, Johnathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089711718","display_name":"Andi Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2748-7333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2748-7333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Andi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University ,","University of California , Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101204375","display_name":"Matt Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Matt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.09570000320672989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.03020000085234642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-models","display_name":"autoregressive models","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-representations","display_name":"latent representations","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-reconstruction","display_name":"image reconstruction","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-decomposition","display_name":"image decomposition","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameter-efficiency","display_name":"parameter efficiency","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-generation","display_name":"image generation","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7290735244750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.7273113131523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.6321131587028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5743467211723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5643249750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.547771692276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4900408983230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.46967607736587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4659615159034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.391045480966568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36703741550445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3296898603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19873061776161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10649752616882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.09967","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09967","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.09967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.09967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.09967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.09967","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09967","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377090784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377090784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015159529","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2151693816","https://openalex.org/W2516038988","https://openalex.org/W4312933868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404355337","https://openalex.org/W2572816092","https://openalex.org/W7036909612","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W3010275161","https://openalex.org/W2804145368","https://openalex.org/W3084268029","https://openalex.org/W2766638918","https://openalex.org/W3106570356","https://openalex.org/W4387723533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,35],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,20,31,54,71,80],"novel":[6],"deep":[7],"learning":[8],"architecture,":[9],"Variable":[10],"Length":[11],"Embeddings":[12],"(VLEs),":[13],"an":[14,25],"autoregressive":[15],"model":[16],"that":[17,43,64],"can":[18],"produce":[19],"latent":[21],"representation":[22],"composed":[23],"of":[24,28,33,39,56,73,82],"arbitrary":[26],"number":[27],"tokens.":[29],"As":[30],"proof":[32],"concept,":[34],"demonstrate":[36],"the":[37,57,74,83],"capabilities":[38],"VLEs":[40,65],"on":[41,53],"tasks":[42],"involve":[44],"reconstruction":[45,68],"and":[46,59,62],"image":[47],"decomposition.":[48],"We":[49],"evaluate":[50],"our":[51],"experiments":[52],"mix":[55],"iNaturalist":[58],"ImageNet":[60],"datasets":[61],"find":[63],"achieve":[66],"comparable":[67],"results":[69],"to":[70],"state":[72],"art":[75],"VAE,":[76],"using":[77],"less":[78],"than":[79],"tenth":[81],"parameters.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-20T00:00:00"}