{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377043290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","title":"Medium-Term Effects and Economic Analysis of Biochar Application in Three Mediterranean Crops","display_name":"Medium-Term Effects and Economic Analysis of Biochar Application in Three Mediterranean Crops","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377043290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16104131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4131/pdf?version=1684312418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4131/pdf?version=1684312418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000911357","display_name":"Juan Luis Aguirre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-2132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-2132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Luis Aguirre","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004262513","display_name":"Sergio Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-0000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-0000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Gonz\u00e1lez-Egido","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-0000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024546369","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez-Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-1976","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-1976"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez-Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085392775","display_name":"Francisco Miguel Gonz\u00e1lez-Pernas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-326X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-326X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Miguel Gonz\u00e1lez-Pernas","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-326X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e1tedra de Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment and Bioproducts Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, 28871 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000911357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":1.8794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84065916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"4131","last_page":"4131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.8457000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.8457000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.04100000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.032099999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-amendment","display_name":"soil amendment","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lavandin","display_name":"lavandin","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vineyards","display_name":"vineyards","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-yield","display_name":"crop yield","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-profitability","display_name":"economic profitability","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-on-investment","display_name":"return on investment","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-cation-exchange-capacity","display_name":"soil cation exchange capacity","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water-management","display_name":"soil water management","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediterranean-crops","display_name":"Mediterranean crops","score":0.8999999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.9948347806930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.536260724067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.511989414691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780924976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22715","display_name":"Vineyard","level":2,"score":0.49264317750930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779184190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269627","display_name":"Amendment","level":2,"score":0.49080690741539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.453368216753006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3499758541584015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32975754141807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.27459388971328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10037049651145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16104131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4131/pdf?version=1684312418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:10:p:4131-:d:1148558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4131/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fcb51ac11749451b9462e14b0b686ec8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fcb51ac11749451b9462e14b0b686ec8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 4131 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en16104131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104131","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4131/pdf?version=1684312418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.8125,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"score":0.807699978351593,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5735474449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LIGNOBIOLIFE, LIFE 17 CCM/ES/000051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377043290.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377043290.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159707086","https://openalex.org/W1739582900","https://openalex.org/W1903241269","https://openalex.org/W1973874914","https://openalex.org/W1974949186","https://openalex.org/W1985737850","https://openalex.org/W1986747289","https://openalex.org/W1991639522","https://openalex.org/W2006498045","https://openalex.org/W2012856444","https://openalex.org/W2014075133","https://openalex.org/W2024443425","https://openalex.org/W2029646467","https://openalex.org/W2041383474","https://openalex.org/W2043801726","https://openalex.org/W2062159269","https://openalex.org/W2066164591","https://openalex.org/W2068296036","https://openalex.org/W2076627849","https://openalex.org/W2080539324","https://openalex.org/W2086498947","https://openalex.org/W2092521540","https://openalex.org/W2097457893","https://openalex.org/W2113614812","https://openalex.org/W2129623720","https://openalex.org/W2132407977","https://openalex.org/W2133425177","https://openalex.org/W2155777364","https://openalex.org/W2160715470","https://openalex.org/W2168227788","https://openalex.org/W2246137274","https://openalex.org/W2316783464","https://openalex.org/W2507436069","https://openalex.org/W2574561179","https://openalex.org/W2581272256","https://openalex.org/W2585137084","https://openalex.org/W2602485145","https://openalex.org/W2607109486","https://openalex.org/W2727373143","https://openalex.org/W2780753570","https://openalex.org/W2795222061","https://openalex.org/W2805603327","https://openalex.org/W2809110624","https://openalex.org/W2889588782","https://openalex.org/W2905806555","https://openalex.org/W2908807586","https://openalex.org/W2911442964","https://openalex.org/W2946646920","https://openalex.org/W2953182788","https://openalex.org/W2982823567","https://openalex.org/W2991604257","https://openalex.org/W3011592710","https://openalex.org/W3013646033","https://openalex.org/W3013894277","https://openalex.org/W3015945763","https://openalex.org/W3024557374","https://openalex.org/W3033475747","https://openalex.org/W3033983793","https://openalex.org/W3041226496","https://openalex.org/W3043135207","https://openalex.org/W3043625358","https://openalex.org/W3087453805","https://openalex.org/W3112762152","https://openalex.org/W3126925438","https://openalex.org/W3135945686","https://openalex.org/W3164540429","https://openalex.org/W3215800947","https://openalex.org/W4213068988","https://openalex.org/W4229050545","https://openalex.org/W4280552700","https://openalex.org/W4288067359","https://openalex.org/W4289545675","https://openalex.org/W4294131775","https://openalex.org/W4306920894","https://openalex.org/W4308352411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3164540429","https://openalex.org/W4229050545","https://openalex.org/W4407962325","https://openalex.org/W3013646033","https://openalex.org/W2011621093","https://openalex.org/W2960000503","https://openalex.org/W4399171035","https://openalex.org/W2495285417","https://openalex.org/W10989125","https://openalex.org/W4293009038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"assessed":[2],"the":[3,11,91,164,175,178,184],"effect":[4,51],"of":[5,13,31,42,52,72,81,86,93,166,186],"soil":[6,117,127],"amendment":[7],"with":[8,28,47,70,153,177],"biochar":[9,18,24,61,112,121,143,187,198],"on":[10,140],"production":[12,40,92],"some":[14],"Mediterranean":[15],"crops.":[16],"Pine-derived":[17],"(B1)":[19],"and":[20,49,67,75,129,135,150],"partially":[21],"pyrolyzed":[22],"pine-derived":[23],"(B2)":[25],"were":[26],"used":[27,64],"a":[29,35,39,154],"dose":[30],"8":[32],"L/m2":[33,74],"in":[34,65,83,169,196],"corn":[36,151],"crop,":[37],"reporting":[38],"increase":[41,80],"38\u2013270%":[43],"over":[44],"three":[45],"years":[46],"B1,":[48],"no":[50],"B2":[53],"due":[54],"to":[55,106,160],"its":[56,131,141,167],"poor":[57],"quality.":[58],"Olive":[59],"stone-derived":[60],"(B3)":[62],"was":[63,88,97],"lavandin":[66,87,149],"vineyard":[68],"crops":[69],"doses":[71],"0.04\u20130.9":[73],"0.37\u20132.55":[76],"L/m2,":[77],"respectively.":[78],"An":[79],"23\u201325%":[82],"plant":[84,96],"volume":[85],"reported,":[89],"while":[90],"grapes":[94],"per":[95],"not":[98,114],"significantly":[99,115],"altered,":[100],"although":[101],"it":[102],"increased":[103],"by":[104,125],"up":[105],"66%.":[107],"Soil":[108],"analysis":[109],"indicated":[110],"that":[111,190],"does":[113],"alter":[116],"physicochemical":[118],"parameters;":[119],"therefore,":[120],"may":[122,145,194],"affect":[123],"plants":[124],"altering":[126],"structure":[128],"increasing":[130],"cation":[132],"exchange":[133],"capacity":[134],"water":[136],"management":[137],"efficiency.":[138],"Depending":[139],"price,":[142],"application":[144,188,199],"be":[146],"profitable":[147],"for":[148,174],"crops,":[152],"return-on-investment":[155],"period":[156],"ranging":[157],"from":[158],"1":[159],"4":[161],"years.":[162],"However,":[163],"profitability":[165],"use":[168],"vineyards":[170],"is":[171],"questionable,":[172],"particularly":[173],"varieties":[176],"lowest":[179],"market":[180],"price.":[181],"Studies":[182],"examining":[183],"economics":[185],"indicate":[189],"CO2":[191],"abatement":[192],"certification":[193],"help":[195],"covering":[197],"costs.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-19T00:00:00"}