{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376649644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","title":"Who counts as an inventor? Seniority and gender in 430,000 biomedical inventor\u2013researcher teams","display_name":"Who counts as an inventor? Seniority and gender in 430,000 biomedical inventor\u2013researcher teams","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376649644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37193835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059463727","display_name":"Anoop Manjunath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-5733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-5733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anoop Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. amanjuna@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-5733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. amanjuna@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002737074","display_name":"Nathan Kahrobai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Kahrobai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085305867","display_name":"Jaya Manjunath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-4764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-4764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082593890","display_name":"Angelina Seffens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-5472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-5472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelina Seffens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052508841","display_name":"Arya Gowda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arya Gowda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091956574","display_name":"Rohaan Umbarkar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohaan Umbarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091956575","display_name":"Esha Umbarkar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esha Umbarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005779176","display_name":"James Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100286","display_name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/00knt4f32","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I4210100286","https://openalex.org/I4210121800","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Y. Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. jamesz@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. jamesz@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. jamesz@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. jamesz@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061085167","display_name":"Ishan Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-9706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-9706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709089","display_name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02vbab064","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I4394709089","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ishan Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-9706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I4394709089","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ishanrk@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005779176","https://openalex.org/A5059463727","https://openalex.org/A5061085167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100286","https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I4394709089","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":11690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84116957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"610","last_page":"614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8461999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8461999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.14259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inventorship","display_name":"inventorship","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seniority","display_name":"seniority","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-patents","display_name":"biomedical patents","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercialization","display_name":"commercialization","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-groups","display_name":"research groups","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-mapping","display_name":"citation mapping","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-science","display_name":"women in science","score":0.4790000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931779","display_name":"Seniority","level":2,"score":0.8538651466369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3306305408477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21525165438652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10492166876792908}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062068","descriptor_name":"Inventors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01771-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37193835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37193835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170821200","https://openalex.org/W1965721320","https://openalex.org/W1971650258","https://openalex.org/W1994543706","https://openalex.org/W2000716096","https://openalex.org/W2001425859","https://openalex.org/W2030780005","https://openalex.org/W2075220228","https://openalex.org/W2132798272","https://openalex.org/W2142139579","https://openalex.org/W2146697111","https://openalex.org/W2166550586","https://openalex.org/W2782639305","https://openalex.org/W2912488629","https://openalex.org/W2913773162","https://openalex.org/W2955203674","https://openalex.org/W3006753318","https://openalex.org/W3010328833","https://openalex.org/W3047883380","https://openalex.org/W3133614619","https://openalex.org/W3168716819","https://openalex.org/W3169638008","https://openalex.org/W4245294418","https://openalex.org/W4283373899","https://openalex.org/W6992646505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6968931070","https://openalex.org/W2013116046","https://openalex.org/W2075220228","https://openalex.org/W3168716819","https://openalex.org/W344302349","https://openalex.org/W4415156232","https://openalex.org/W4416000420","https://openalex.org/W1497060956","https://openalex.org/W2047524458","https://openalex.org/W2092199959"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2023-05-17T00:00:00"}
