{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376115708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","title":"Blockchain-Based Automated Market Makers for a Decentralized Stock Exchange","display_name":"Blockchain-Based Automated Market Makers for a Decentralized Stock Exchange","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376115708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14050280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/5/280/pdf?version=1683627879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/5/280/pdf?version=1683627879","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050767858","display_name":"Radhakrishna Dodmane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-0082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-0082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radhakrishna Dodmane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-0082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009559482","display_name":"K. R. Raghunandan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raghunandan K. R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5326-4099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090253069","display_name":"Krishnaraj Rao N S","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-046X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-046X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnaraj Rao N. S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-046X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013177645","display_name":"Bhavya Kallapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9818-4738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9818-4738"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavya Kallapu.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044701876","display_name":"Surendra Shetty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surendra Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Master of Computer Applications, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Master of Computer Applications, NMAM Institute of Technology\u2014Affiliated to Nitte (Deemed to be University), Karnataka 574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090095675","display_name":"Muhammad Aslam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-6766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-6766"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262778","display_name":"Wuxi Taihu University","ror":"https://ror.org/054ea1q94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","Scotland Academy, Wuxi Taihu University, Wuxi 214063, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-6766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scotland Academy, Wuxi Taihu University, Wuxi 214063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070273073","display_name":"Syeda Fizzah Jilani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-8574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-8574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16038530","display_name":"Aberystwyth University","ror":"https://ror.org/015m2p889","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syeda Fizzah Jilani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Physical Sciences Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Physical Sciences Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009559482","https://openalex.org/A5090095675"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553","https://openalex.org/I4405262778","https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"fwci":2.9416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91148212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"280","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10047","display_name":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-market-makers","display_name":"automated market makers","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-asymmetry","display_name":"information asymmetry","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-traders","display_name":"small traders","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-finality","display_name":"transaction finality","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithms","display_name":"consensus algorithms","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-throughput","display_name":"transaction throughput","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-stake","display_name":"proof-of-stake","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work","display_name":"proof-of-work","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-execution","display_name":"order execution","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6363241672515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200870193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11691","display_name":"Stock exchange","level":2,"score":0.5537343621253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164516710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166072","display_name":"Financial transaction","level":3,"score":0.5301331877708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4997537136077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19244329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208697","display_name":"Financial market","level":2,"score":0.4865387976169586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4767473638057709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780299701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000","display_name":"Stock market","level":3,"score":0.47006043791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137577040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431965","display_name":"Information asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.46633386611938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.4568427801132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.45611780881881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4282298982143402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.42446672916412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.41494864225387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.36996859312057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3309841752052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.29487425088882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2872501313686371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14990872144699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5905368","display_name":"Horse","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14050280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/5/280/pdf?version=1683627879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/87c9d9c2-52b1-4f1d-a0a5-2670939735da","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/87c9d9c2-52b1-4f1d-a0a5-2670939735da","pdf_url":"https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/52694877/2023_05_02_Dodmane_et_al_Blockchain_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402572","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","host_organization_name":"University of the West of Scotland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dodmane, R, K. R., R, N. S., K R, Kallapu, B, Shetty, S, Aslam, M & Jilani, S F 2023, 'Blockchain-based automated market makers for a decentralized stock exchange', Information (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 5, 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3353fc9185f4487a5787924037cded4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3353fc9185f4487a5787924037cded4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 280 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/87c9d9c2-52b1-4f1d-a0a5-2670939735da","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/87c9d9c2-52b1-4f1d-a0a5-2670939735da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402572","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","host_organization_name":"University of the West of Scotland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dodmane, R, K. R., R, N. S., K R, Kallapu, B, Shetty, S, Aslam, M & Jilani, S F 2023, 'Blockchain-based automated market makers for a decentralized stock exchange', Information (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 5, 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14050280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14050280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/5/280/pdf?version=1683627879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331825","display_name":"NMAM Institute of Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376115708.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376115708.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016032991","https://openalex.org/W2074287883","https://openalex.org/W2122326223","https://openalex.org/W2144590535","https://openalex.org/W2540162589","https://openalex.org/W2765762244","https://openalex.org/W2769792160","https://openalex.org/W2775571794","https://openalex.org/W2909291946","https://openalex.org/W3034336612","https://openalex.org/W3080161244","https://openalex.org/W3090323781","https://openalex.org/W3128166767","https://openalex.org/W4220704242","https://openalex.org/W4226209105","https://openalex.org/W4290467239","https://openalex.org/W4312276526","https://openalex.org/W4312775337","https://openalex.org/W4321374905","https://openalex.org/W4323841574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136127127","https://openalex.org/W2899210042","https://openalex.org/W2617119613","https://openalex.org/W3192120210","https://openalex.org/W4399427132","https://openalex.org/W3143027490","https://openalex.org/W3049178721","https://openalex.org/W3038608529","https://openalex.org/W6898739858","https://openalex.org/W4394910616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19,63,73,149,174,201,219],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,103],"communication":[3],"speeds":[4],"have":[5,52,80],"enabled":[6],"the":[7,22,32,39,44,50,54,106,112,123,130,152,158,192,222,227,232,237,245,249,270],"centralized":[8,113,126],"financial":[9,78,127,147],"market":[10,115],"to":[11,31,95,139,162,180,195,209,236,254],"be":[12,255],"faster":[13,28],"and":[14,93,142,157,213,242,263],"more":[15,199],"complex":[16],"than":[17,259,267],"ever.":[18],"speed":[20,41,107],"of":[21,35,87,105,108,125,154,221,248,261,269],"order":[23],"execution":[24],"has":[25,42],"become":[26],"exponentially":[27],"when":[29],"compared":[30,205,235],"early":[33],"days":[34],"electronic":[36],"markets.":[37],"Though":[38],"transaction":[40,233,246],"increased,":[43],"underlying":[45],"architecture":[46],"or":[47,70,135],"models":[48,57],"behind":[49],"markets":[51],"remained":[53],"same.":[55],"These":[56],"come":[58],"with":[59,184,206],"their":[60],"own":[61],"disadvantages.":[62,173],"disadvantages":[64],"are":[65],"usually":[66],"faced":[67,132],"by":[68,133,146],"non-institutional":[69,134],"small":[71,136],"traders.":[72],"bigger":[74],"players,":[75],"such":[76,89],"as":[77,90],"institutions,":[79],"an":[81,101,116],"advantage":[82,102],"over":[83],"smaller":[84],"players":[85],"because":[86],"factors":[88],"information":[91,140],"asymmetry":[92,141],"access":[94,145],"better":[96,143],"infrastructure,":[97],"which":[98],"give":[99],"them":[100],"terms":[104],"execution.":[109],"This":[110,120],"makes":[111],"stock":[114,166],"uneven":[117],"playing":[118],"field.":[119],"paper":[121],"discusses":[122],"limitations":[124],"markets,":[128],"particularly":[129],"disadvantage":[131],"traders":[137],"due":[138],"infrastructure":[144],"institutions.":[148],"authors":[150],"propose":[151],"usage":[153],"blockchain":[155],"technology":[156],"data":[159,175],"highway":[160,176,229],"protocol":[161,177,230],"create":[163],"a":[164,185],"decentralized":[165],"exchange":[167],"that":[168,189,216,226,260,268],"can":[169],"potentially":[170],"eliminate":[171],"these":[172],"is":[178,204],"used":[179],"generate":[181],"new":[182],"blocks":[183],"flexible":[186],"finality":[187],"condition":[188],"allows":[190],"for":[191],"consensus":[193,272],"mechanism":[194],"configure":[196],"security":[197],"thresholds":[198],"freely.":[200],"proposed":[202,223,250],"framework":[203],"existing":[207],"frameworks":[208],"confirm":[210],"its":[211],"effectiveness":[212],"identify":[214],"areas":[215],"require":[217],"improvement.":[218],"evaluation":[220],"approach":[224],"showed":[225],"improved":[228],"boosted":[231],"rate":[234,247],"other":[238],"two":[239],"mechanisms":[240],"(PoS":[241],"PoW).":[243],"Specifically,":[244],"model":[251],"was":[252],"found":[253],"2.2":[256],"times":[257,265],"higher":[258,266],"PoS":[262],"12":[264],"PoW":[271],"model.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-12T00:00:00"}
