{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375951111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","title":"Identifying genetic loci and phenomic associations of substance use traits: A multi\u2010trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) study","display_name":"Identifying genetic loci and phenomic associations of substance use traits: A multi\u2010trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375951111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37156939","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10754226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/add.16229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70513841","display_name":"Addiction","issn_l":"0965-2140","issn":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2022/07/10/2022.07.06.22277340.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613266","display_name":"Heng Yi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-4896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-4896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074388214","display_name":"Sylvanus Toikumo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6024-0693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6024-0693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133394","display_name":"Philadelphia VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03j05zz84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394","https://openalex.org/I4210147340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvanus Toikumo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027913658","display_name":"Richard C. Crist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-1256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-1256"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133394","display_name":"Philadelphia VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03j05zz84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394","https://openalex.org/I4210147340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard C. Crist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-1256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001689924","display_name":"Klaudia Glogowska","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaudia Glogowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092240597","display_name":"Zeal Jinwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5062-0827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5062-0827"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeal Jinwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084360527","display_name":"Joseph D. Deak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-6080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-6080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086971","display_name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/000rgm762","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph D. Deak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-6080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025733523","display_name":"Amy C. Justice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-5502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-5502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086971","display_name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/000rgm762","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy C. Justice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044047568","display_name":"Joel E. Gelernter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086971","display_name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/000rgm762","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Gelernter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210086971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012200474","display_name":"Emma C. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-777X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-777X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma C. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-777X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075961872","display_name":"Henry R. Kranzler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133394","display_name":"Philadelphia VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03j05zz84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394","https://openalex.org/I4210147340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Henry R. Kranzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054332868","display_name":"Rachel L. Kember","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133394","display_name":"Philadelphia VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03j05zz84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394","https://openalex.org/I4210147340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rachel L. Kember","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054332868","https://openalex.org/A5075961872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210133394","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":4170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4170},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94632709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"118","issue":"10","first_page":"1942","last_page":"1952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11468","display_name":"Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabis-use-disorder","display_name":"cannabis use disorder","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcoholism","display_name":"alcoholism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-initiation","display_name":"smoking initiation","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-trajectories","display_name":"smoking trajectories","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-loci","display_name":"genetic loci","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenic-risk-score","display_name":"polygenic risk score","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-ancestry","display_name":"African ancestry","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-ancestry","display_name":"European ancestry","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-set-analysis","display_name":"gene set analysis","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-protein-interaction-analysis","display_name":"protein-protein interaction analysis","score":0.781000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153209595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128","display_name":"Single-nucleotide polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.775939404964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.7756978869438171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.6042431592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139275648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17134011","display_name":"SNP","level":5,"score":0.4999809265136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186413461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727","display_name":"Genetic association","level":5,"score":0.4951113760471344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4644228518009186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84597430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106227","display_name":"Locus (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.45438942313194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910691881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853421","display_name":"Multifactorial Inheritance","level":5,"score":0.4306170642375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9287583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532883","display_name":"Genetic architecture","level":4,"score":0.4155157208442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81941488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853421","display_name":"Quantitative trait locus","level":3,"score":0.40048763155937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.20328757166862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.17803502082824707}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080444","descriptor_name":"Phenomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000437","descriptor_name":"Alcoholism","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020022","descriptor_name":"Genetic Predisposition to Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056426","descriptor_name":"Genetic Loci","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/add.16229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70513841","display_name":"Addiction","issn_l":"0965-2140","issn":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2022/07/10/2022.07.06.22277340.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:37156939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37156939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10754226","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10754226","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10754226/pdf/nihms-1949491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Addiction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.06.22277340","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2022/07/10/2022.07.06.22277340.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G122833759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"I01 CX001734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2905247291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#I01 BX004820","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3021940186","display_name":"Characterizing the phenotypic spectrum associated with genetic liability for alcohol use disorder","funder_award_id":"K01AA028292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3336828483","display_name":"Genetics of Alcohol Dependence in African Americans: Recruitment","funder_award_id":"R01AA026364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G660435292","display_name":"Translational Alcohol Research Program (TARP)","funder_award_id":"T32AA028259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8360575708","display_name":"Penn PET Addiction Center of Excellence (Penn PACE)","funder_award_id":"P30DA046345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000891309","display_name":"Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award","funder_award_id":"UL1TR001878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000896545","display_name":"Identifying genetic sources of comorbidity between cannabis and schizophrenia using genome-wide and integrative omics data","funder_award_id":"K01DA051759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000905448","display_name":"Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award","funder_award_id":"UL1TR001863","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311600","display_name":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals","ror":"https://ror.org/02f51rf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315744","display_name":"American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hksah55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316861","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/04h81rw26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337376","display_name":"NIH Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375951111.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375951111.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585895556","https://openalex.org/W1963660646","https://openalex.org/W1969208427","https://openalex.org/W1972523464","https://openalex.org/W1980170502","https://openalex.org/W1984068087","https://openalex.org/W2006209458","https://openalex.org/W2022581050","https://openalex.org/W2028017622","https://openalex.org/W2076964843","https://openalex.org/W2080240185","https://openalex.org/W2101613203","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2106472957","https://openalex.org/W2139166069","https://openalex.org/W2143457734","https://openalex.org/W2162426271","https://openalex.org/W2195783463","https://openalex.org/W2420012097","https://openalex.org/W2491859250","https://openalex.org/W2753748213","https://openalex.org/W2770092353","https://openalex.org/W2780560743","https://openalex.org/W2790710383","https://openalex.org/W2888416545","https://openalex.org/W2895599024","https://openalex.org/W2901303766","https://openalex.org/W2905155453","https://openalex.org/W2909598358","https://openalex.org/W2909650844","https://openalex.org/W2914852339","https://openalex.org/W2922534626","https://openalex.org/W2928966425","https://openalex.org/W2945005138","https://openalex.org/W2946871202","https://openalex.org/W2948487606","https://openalex.org/W2951264754","https://openalex.org/W2951553270","https://openalex.org/W2965054109","https://openalex.org/W2967343033","https://openalex.org/W3009728349","https://openalex.org/W3026319555","https://openalex.org/W3031982843","https://openalex.org/W3089846215","https://openalex.org/W3094181094","https://openalex.org/W3094620891","https://openalex.org/W3097758867","https://openalex.org/W3107527779","https://openalex.org/W3112600195","https://openalex.org/W3122817883","https://openalex.org/W3154509218","https://openalex.org/W3160007175","https://openalex.org/W3164229919","https://openalex.org/W3212213613","https://openalex.org/W4205924271","https://openalex.org/W4214760069","https://openalex.org/W4241266076","https://openalex.org/W4287147673","https://openalex.org/W4292416100","https://openalex.org/W4297498066","https://openalex.org/W4307442728","https://openalex.org/W4310375294","https://openalex.org/W4313453265","https://openalex.org/W4353055381","https://openalex.org/W4379600910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4284989479","https://openalex.org/W4287147673","https://openalex.org/W6923828724","https://openalex.org/W7154951048","https://openalex.org/W4372294513","https://openalex.org/W3154509218","https://openalex.org/W4376256323","https://openalex.org/W4235575573","https://openalex.org/W6942632451","https://openalex.org/W2973048281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND":[0],"AND":[1],"AIMS:":[2],"Genome-wide":[3],"association":[4,260,292],"studies":[5,261,293],"(GWAS)":[6],"of":[7,21,59,69,127,258,265,284,290],"opioid":[8],"use":[9,14,23,43,244,270],"disorder":[10,15,24,245],"(OUD)":[11],"and":[12,26,50,82,86,94,101,105,130,138,142,190,219,247,280],"cannabis":[13],"(CUD)":[16],"have":[17,32],"lagged":[18],"behind":[19],"those":[20,305,313],"alcohol":[22],"(AUD)":[25],"smoking,":[27],"where":[28],"many":[29],"more":[30,236],"loci":[31,40,173,180,187,195,209,216,266],"been":[33],"identified.":[34],"We":[35,65,98],"sought":[36],"to":[37,55,72,277,297],"identify":[38,298],"novel":[39,299],"for":[41,163,174,181,188,196,210,217,225,268,301,306,314],"substance":[42,243,269,302],"traits":[44,166],"(SUTs)":[45],"in":[46,76,89,111,120,134,147,167,171,178,185,193,203,207,214,222],"both":[47,240],"African-":[48],"(AFR)":[49],"European-":[51],"(EUR)":[52],"ancestry":[53],"individuals":[54,133,146],"enhance":[56],"our":[57],"understanding":[58],"the":[60,121,135,148,228,231,241,252,263,282,308],"traits'":[61],"genetic":[62],"architecture.":[63],"DESIGN:":[64],"used":[66,296],"multi-trait":[67],"analysis":[68,257,289],"GWAS":[70],"(MTAG)":[71],"analyze":[73],"four":[74,165],"SUTs":[75,88],"EUR":[77,129,141],"subjects":[78,91],"(OUD,":[79,92],"CUD,":[80],"AUD":[81,93],"smoking":[83,95],"initiation":[84],"[SMKinitiation]),":[85],"three":[87],"AFR":[90,132,145],"trajectory":[96],"[SMKtrajectory]).":[97],"conducted":[99,119],"gene-set":[100],"protein-protein":[102],"interaction":[103],"analyses":[104],"calculated":[106],"polygenic":[107,285],"risk":[108,286],"scores":[109],"(PRS)":[110],"two":[112],"independent":[113],"samples.":[114],"SETTING:":[115],"This":[116],"study":[117],"was":[118],"United":[122],"States.":[123],"PARTICIPANTS:":[124],"A":[125],"total":[126],"5692":[128],"4918":[131],"Yale-Penn":[136,229],"sample":[137],"29":[139],"054":[140],"10":[143],"265":[144],"Penn":[149],"Medicine":[150],"BioBank":[151],"sample.":[152],"FINDINGS:":[153],"MTAG":[154,198],"identified":[155,200],"genome-wide":[156,259,291],"significant":[157,237],"(GWS)":[158],"single":[159],"nucleotide":[160],"polymorphisms":[161],"(SNPs)":[162],"all":[164],"EUR:":[168],"41":[169],"SNPs":[170,177,184,192,202,206,213],"36":[172],"OUD;":[175,211],"74":[176],"60":[179],"CUD;":[182],"63":[183],"52":[186],"AUD;":[189,218],"183":[191],"144":[194],"SMKinitiation.":[197],"also":[199],"GWS":[201],"AFR:":[204],"2":[205,208],"3":[212,215],"1":[220,223],"SNP":[221],"locus":[224],"SMKtrajectory.":[226],"In":[227],"sample,":[230],"MTAG-derived":[232],"PRS":[233],"consistently":[234],"yielded":[235],"associations":[238,300],"with":[239],"corresponding":[242],"diagnosis":[246],"multiple":[248],"related":[249],"phenotypes":[250],"than":[251,312],"GWAS-derived":[253],"PRS.":[254],"CONCLUSIONS:":[255],"Multi-trait":[256,288],"boosted":[262],"number":[264],"found":[267],"traits,":[271],"identifying":[272],"genes":[273],"not":[274],"previously":[275],"linked":[276],"any":[278],"substance,":[279],"increased":[281],"power":[283],"scores.":[287],"can":[294],"be":[295],"use,":[303],"especially":[304],"which":[307],"samples":[309],"are":[310],"smaller":[311],"historically":[315],"legal":[316],"substances.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-05-10T00:00:00"}