{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375950240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","title":"Evaluation of the Methods for Nonlinear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability","display_name":"Evaluation of the Methods for Nonlinear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375950240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fractalfract7050388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/5/388/pdf?version=1683600206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227020","display_name":"Fractal and Fractional","issn_l":"2504-3110","issn":["2504-3110"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fractal and Fractional","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/5/388/pdf?version=1683600206","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030139310","display_name":"Evgeniya Peneva Gospodinova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-678X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-678X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767788","display_name":"Institute of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/002cfhw56","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Evgeniya Gospodinova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-678X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015184792","display_name":"Penio Lebamovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-5710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-5710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767788","display_name":"Institute of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/002cfhw56","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penio Lebamovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019252108","display_name":"Galya Nikolova Georgieva-Tsaneva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-5537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-5537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767788","display_name":"Institute of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/002cfhw56","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-5537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051382532","display_name":"Mariya Negrinova Negreva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-893X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-893X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147017597","display_name":"Medical University of Varna","ror":"https://ror.org/03jkshc47","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147017597"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariya Negreva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 1407 Varna, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 1407 Varna, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147017597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030139310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4391767788"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2002},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2002},"fwci":4.9659,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96515911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"388","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"heart rate variability","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-hrv-analysis","display_name":"nonlinear HRV analysis","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-arrhythmia","display_name":"cardiac arrhythmias","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rr-interval","display_name":"RR interval","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rescaled-range-analysis","display_name":"rescaled range analysis","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detrended-fluctuation-analysis","display_name":"detrended fluctuation analysis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multifractal-detrended-fluctuation-analysis","display_name":"multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poincare-plot","display_name":"Poincar\u00e9 plot","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximate-entropy","display_name":"approximate entropy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-entropy","display_name":"sample entropy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal-characteristics","display_name":"fractal characteristics","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-value","display_name":"diagnostic value","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease-diagnosis","display_name":"cardiovascular disease diagnosis","score":0.9470000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21689155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2451452","display_name":"Detrended fluctuation analysis","level":3,"score":0.8837233781814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.8092547655105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18325288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7207866","display_name":"Poincar\u00e9 plot","level":5,"score":0.8071905374526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66696666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105612","display_name":"Sample entropy","level":3,"score":0.7527633905410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.700539767742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6501024961471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86859247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781760","display_name":"Approximate entropy","level":3,"score":0.6500916481018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5859910249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133905733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629238","display_name":"Multifractal system","level":3,"score":0.5061470866203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167651023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474611","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4527686834335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4276994466781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.37831351161003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.37600088119506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3662857413291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.31311529874801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.19330421090126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12361675500869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.10123839974403381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fractalfract7050388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/5/388/pdf?version=1683600206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227020","display_name":"Fractal and Fractional","issn_l":"2504-3110","issn":["2504-3110"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fractal and Fractional","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cac74cf4422042b8953fb50c33936d25","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cac74cf4422042b8953fb50c33936d25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fractal and Fractional, Vol 7, Iss 5, p 388 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fractalfract7050388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/5/388/pdf?version=1683600206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227020","display_name":"Fractal and Fractional","issn_l":"2504-3110","issn":["2504-3110"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fractal and Fractional","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375950240.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375950240.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596238075","https://openalex.org/W1951501030","https://openalex.org/W1964000773","https://openalex.org/W1967590638","https://openalex.org/W1967900132","https://openalex.org/W1974285713","https://openalex.org/W1989980670","https://openalex.org/W1994417322","https://openalex.org/W1997477311","https://openalex.org/W2002006523","https://openalex.org/W2017821362","https://openalex.org/W2022851351","https://openalex.org/W2038689382","https://openalex.org/W2063403689","https://openalex.org/W2070565950","https://openalex.org/W2071602085","https://openalex.org/W2077204677","https://openalex.org/W2098336826","https://openalex.org/W2111859219","https://openalex.org/W2113699128","https://openalex.org/W2125290397","https://openalex.org/W2127873098","https://openalex.org/W2137958317","https://openalex.org/W2145529143","https://openalex.org/W2146203966","https://openalex.org/W2221831393","https://openalex.org/W2252927647","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2338522368","https://openalex.org/W2609728233","https://openalex.org/W2737238591","https://openalex.org/W2903813110","https://openalex.org/W2916991197","https://openalex.org/W2942522729","https://openalex.org/W2947459187","https://openalex.org/W2973219079","https://openalex.org/W2998776350","https://openalex.org/W3016398024","https://openalex.org/W3037508934","https://openalex.org/W3120685932","https://openalex.org/W3136509633","https://openalex.org/W3150735110","https://openalex.org/W3157876932","https://openalex.org/W3214808675","https://openalex.org/W4291518329","https://openalex.org/W6703581584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312813402","https://openalex.org/W1966989167","https://openalex.org/W2323611248","https://openalex.org/W2092257195","https://openalex.org/W2534820284","https://openalex.org/W99109290","https://openalex.org/W2114634089","https://openalex.org/W2263561444","https://openalex.org/W2981123084","https://openalex.org/W6993101760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,89,115,139],"dynamics":[1],"of":[2,13,34,61,91,94,100,106,117,212,230],"cardiac":[3],"signals":[4],"can":[5,151],"be":[6,152],"studied":[7,108,140],"using":[8],"methods":[9,19,96,119,207],"for":[10,97,209],"nonlinear":[11,98,210],"analysis":[12,99,168,211],"heart":[14],"rate":[15],"variability":[16],"(HRV).":[17],"that":[20,169],"are":[21,109,225],"used":[22,153,208],"in":[23,102,227],"the":[24,28,35,92,95,103,118,125,129,133,166,170,206,228],"article":[25],"to":[26,154],"investigate":[27],"fractal,":[29],"multifractal":[30],"and":[31,56,76,124,158,174,187,196,219],"informational":[32],"characteristics":[33],"intervals":[36],"between":[37,156],"heartbeats":[38],"(RR":[39],"time":[40],"intervals)":[41],"are:":[42],"Rescaled":[43],"Range,":[44],"Detrended":[45,49],"Fluctuation":[46,50],"Analysis,":[47,51],"Multifractal":[48],"Poincar\u00e9":[52],"plot,":[53],"Approximate":[54],"Entropy":[55],"Sample":[57],"Entropy.":[58],"Two":[59],"groups":[60,105],"people":[62,107],"were":[63],"studied:":[64],"25":[65,77],"healthy":[66,157],"subjects":[67],"(15":[68],"men,":[69,82],"10":[70],"women,":[71,84],"mean":[72,85,112],"age:":[73,86],"56.3":[74],"years)":[75],"patients":[78],"with":[79,220],"arrhythmia":[80],"(13":[81],"12":[83],"58.7":[87],"years).":[88],"results":[90],"application":[93],"HRV":[101,213],"two":[104],"shown":[110],"as":[111,217],"\u00b1":[113],"std.":[114],"effectiveness":[116],"was":[120,162],"evaluated":[121,216],"by":[122,164],"t-test":[123],"parameter":[126],"Area":[127],"Under":[128],"Curve":[130,136],"(AUC)":[131],"from":[132],"Receiver":[134],"Operator":[135],"(ROC)":[137],"characteristics.":[138],"11":[141],"parameters":[142,171],"have":[143,177,189,199,214],"statistical":[144],"significance":[145],"(p":[146],"<":[147],"0.05);":[148],"therefore,":[149],"they":[150],"distinguish":[155],"unhealthy":[159],"subjects.":[160],"It":[161],"established":[163],"applying":[165],"ROC":[167],"Hq=2(MFDFA),":[172],"F(\u03b1)(MFDFA)":[173],"SD2(Poincar\u00e9":[175],"plot)":[176,198],"a":[178,190],"good":[179,192],"diagnostic":[180,202],"value;":[181],"H(R/S),":[182],"\u03b11(DFA),":[183],"SD1/SD2(Poincar\u00e9":[184],"plot),":[185],"ApEn":[186],"SampEn":[188],"very":[191],"score;":[193],"\u03b12(DFA),":[194],"\u03b1all(DFA)":[195],"SD1(Poincar\u00e9":[197],"an":[200],"excellent":[201],"score.":[203],"In":[204],"conclusion,":[205],"been":[215],"effective,":[218],"their":[221],"help,":[222],"new":[223],"perspectives":[224],"opened":[226],"diagnosis":[229],"cardiovascular":[231],"diseases.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-10T00:00:00"}
