{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367607846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","title":"Machine-learning-based method for fiber-bending eavesdropping detection","display_name":"Machine-learning-based method for fiber-bending eavesdropping detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367607846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37319057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.487214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006698820","display_name":"Haokun Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767763","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9wg343","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haokun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017137228","display_name":"Rui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-2335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-2335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology","Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700731","display_name":"Yajie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-7947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-7947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767763","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9wg343","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yajie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qing Lei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767763","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9wg343","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030811766","display_name":"Yongli Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-8248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-8248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767763","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9wg343","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongli Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-8248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050625327","display_name":"Lena Wosinska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-6554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-6554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lena Wosinska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology","Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028042424","display_name":"Paolo Monti A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9910","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-1351"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Monti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology","Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436774","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6195-8525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6195-8525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767763","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9wg343","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicationshttps://ror.org/04w9fbh59, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006698820","https://openalex.org/A5017137228","https://openalex.org/A5028042424","https://openalex.org/A5030811766","https://openalex.org/A5050625327","https://openalex.org/A5100436774","https://openalex.org/A5100700731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I4391767763","https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82717983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"12","first_page":"3183","last_page":"3183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.8935999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.8935999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping-detection","display_name":"eavesdropping detection","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain-signal-features","display_name":"time-domain signal features","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory-networks","display_name":"long short-term memory networks","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-mode-fiber-transmission","display_name":"single-mode fiber transmission","score":0.8059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.9608923196792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7671867609024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6272921562194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5991674661636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5453639626502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.47737547755241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4323985278606415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42534157633781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13010570406913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08778151869773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.08527135848999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.487214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.487214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37319057","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37319057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:536949","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/536949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4191016924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62021005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4275968442","display_name":"\u5185\u751f\u5b89\u5168\u5149\u901a\u4fe1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61831003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329875","display_name":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2088782287","https://openalex.org/W2101030244","https://openalex.org/W2517647381","https://openalex.org/W2913868621","https://openalex.org/W3035768019","https://openalex.org/W3097847617","https://openalex.org/W3127308631","https://openalex.org/W3158704648","https://openalex.org/W3196471289","https://openalex.org/W3216589320","https://openalex.org/W4214829285","https://openalex.org/W4230365069","https://openalex.org/W4242996553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3216589320","https://openalex.org/W7135054690","https://openalex.org/W7004890802","https://openalex.org/W2998775635","https://openalex.org/W6981067777","https://openalex.org/W4396892639","https://openalex.org/W4414008857","https://openalex.org/W4403125701","https://openalex.org/W4409122743","https://openalex.org/W4377077959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"Letter,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,34,53,64,74,95],"scheme":[6,72,81],"for":[7,42],"detecting":[8],"fiber-bending":[9],"eavesdropping":[10,43,61],"based":[11],"on":[12,83],"feature":[13],"extraction":[14],"and":[15,32,44,94],"machine":[16],"learning":[17],"(ML).":[18],"First,":[19],"5-dimensional":[20],"features":[21],"from":[22,28,52],"the":[23,29,70,80,84,88],"time-domain":[24,85],"signal":[25],"are":[26,50,99],"extracted":[27],"optical":[30,90],"signal,":[31,91],"then":[33],"long":[35],"short-term":[36],"memory":[37],"(LSTM)":[38],"network":[39],"is":[40],"applied":[41],"normal":[45],"event":[46],"classification.":[47],"Experimental":[48],"data":[49],"collected":[51],"60":[54],"km":[55],"single-mode":[56],"fiber":[57],"transmission":[58],"link":[59,97],"with":[60],"implemented":[62],"by":[63],"clip-on":[65],"coupler.":[66],"Results":[67],"show":[68],"that":[69],"proposed":[71],"achieves":[73],"95.83%":[75],"detection":[76],"accuracy.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"since":[79],"focuses":[82],"waveform":[86],"of":[87],"received":[89],"additional":[92],"devices":[93],"special":[96],"design":[98],"not":[100],"required.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-05-02T00:00:00"}