{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367316680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","title":"Protective Relaying Coordination in Power Systems Comprising Renewable Sources: Challenges and Future Insights","display_name":"Protective Relaying Coordination in Power Systems Comprising Renewable Sources: Challenges and Future Insights","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367316680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15097279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7279/pdf?version=1682595262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7279/pdf?version=1682595262","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103161597","display_name":"Ahmed M. Agwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-3415","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-3415"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Agwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071799586","display_name":"Attia A. El\u2010Fergany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-1361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-1361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192398990","display_name":"Zagazig University","ror":"https://ror.org/053g6we49","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attia A. El-Fergany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-1361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103161597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":2.8122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91271923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"7279","last_page":"7279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-networks","display_name":"distribution networks","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"distributed generation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-integration","display_name":"renewable energy integration","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overcurrent-relays","display_name":"overcurrent relays","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-power-flow","display_name":"bidirectional power flow","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay-setting-optimization","display_name":"relay setting optimization","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"power system protection","score":0.8270000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.688052237033844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6252627372741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5965125560760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.575431227684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4438537061214447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.43859943747520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986056383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556030","display_name":"Power flow","level":4,"score":0.43583211302757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42626774311065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4165034294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40943777561187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3261201083660126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3257691562175751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2315848469734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1263832151889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09491917490959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15097279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7279/pdf?version=1682595262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:9:p:7279-:d:1134511","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7279/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15097279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7279/pdf?version=1682595262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367316680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367316680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":195,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63277921","https://openalex.org/W128305952","https://openalex.org/W399485935","https://openalex.org/W774204142","https://openalex.org/W1413236824","https://openalex.org/W1483512256","https://openalex.org/W1519846783","https://openalex.org/W1520356756","https://openalex.org/W1541288193","https://openalex.org/W1544424223","https://openalex.org/W1550989305","https://openalex.org/W1560877476","https://openalex.org/W1579004934","https://openalex.org/W1597530601","https://openalex.org/W1602530124","https://openalex.org/W1657438124","https://openalex.org/W1726845145","https://openalex.org/W1936306293","https://openalex.org/W1964611113","https://openalex.org/W1968602897","https://openalex.org/W1969786433","https://openalex.org/W1971196742","https://openalex.org/W1972671872","https://openalex.org/W1976199404","https://openalex.org/W1978023642","https://openalex.org/W1978223725","https://openalex.org/W1979656568","https://openalex.org/W1981670580","https://openalex.org/W1987670263","https://openalex.org/W1987860361","https://openalex.org/W1990492651","https://openalex.org/W1992222468","https://openalex.org/W1995614102","https://openalex.org/W2001782721","https://openalex.org/W2002237349","https://openalex.org/W2003418548","https://openalex.org/W2005389688","https://openalex.org/W2007547399","https://openalex.org/W2014005782","https://openalex.org/W2017394545","https://openalex.org/W2017923313","https://openalex.org/W2018307165","https://openalex.org/W2021274356","https://openalex.org/W2023567055","https://openalex.org/W2023970059","https://openalex.org/W2024704587","https://openalex.org/W2026108925","https://openalex.org/W2026369729","https://openalex.org/W2027714582","https://openalex.org/W2029209086","https://openalex.org/W2029378883","https://openalex.org/W2031295216","https://openalex.org/W2032189645","https://openalex.org/W2032417464","https://openalex.org/W2032808450","https://openalex.org/W2033206159","https://openalex.org/W2034097947","https://openalex.org/W2034885903","https://openalex.org/W2037496526","https://openalex.org/W2038487444","https://openalex.org/W2039441204","https://openalex.org/W2042231626","https://openalex.org/W2042797330","https://openalex.org/W2044546706","https://openalex.org/W2044674579","https://openalex.org/W2045434012","https://openalex.org/W2045647043","https://openalex.org/W2046918066","https://openalex.org/W2049713484","https://openalex.org/W2050339451","https://openalex.org/W2050827817","https://openalex.org/W2053315907","https://openalex.org/W2060395420","https://openalex.org/W2061349899","https://openalex.org/W2063855380","https://openalex.org/W2065363240","https://openalex.org/W2066120280","https://openalex.org/W2066810757","https://openalex.org/W2067845567","https://openalex.org/W2074632968","https://openalex.org/W2077175507","https://openalex.org/W2077972711","https://openalex.org/W2081621644","https://openalex.org/W2081749411","https://openalex.org/W2082822679","https://openalex.org/W2084919412","https://openalex.org/W2085082229","https://openalex.org/W2085331740","https://openalex.org/W2093112413","https://openalex.org/W2096248818","https://openalex.org/W2100745207","https://openalex.org/W2100840687","https://openalex.org/W2100942864","https://openalex.org/W2102357228","https://openalex.org/W2103758028","https://openalex.org/W2105204347","https://openalex.org/W2108513927","https://openalex.org/W2111212237","https://openalex.org/W2113323299","https://openalex.org/W2116984316","https://openalex.org/W2117595234","https://openalex.org/W2120072243","https://openalex.org/W2120747050","https://openalex.org/W2121502233","https://openalex.org/W2127408872","https://openalex.org/W2128917581","https://openalex.org/W2130894466","https://openalex.org/W2131120250","https://openalex.org/W2131600108","https://openalex.org/W2131613382","https://openalex.org/W2132159916","https://openalex.org/W2140044058","https://openalex.org/W2140562988","https://openalex.org/W2140965658","https://openalex.org/W2141355695","https://openalex.org/W2143022361","https://openalex.org/W2144801860","https://openalex.org/W2150296254","https://openalex.org/W2150554511","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2156639560","https://openalex.org/W2156932861","https://openalex.org/W2158119364","https://openalex.org/W2158812452","https://openalex.org/W2164358474","https://openalex.org/W2165299997","https://openalex.org/W2167315935","https://openalex.org/W2172007758","https://openalex.org/W2218627854","https://openalex.org/W2228189965","https://openalex.org/W2240516254","https://openalex.org/W2246527874","https://openalex.org/W2272483196","https://openalex.org/W2279706691","https://openalex.org/W2281214001","https://openalex.org/W2283256163","https://openalex.org/W2283715568","https://openalex.org/W2304528389","https://openalex.org/W2305860297","https://openalex.org/W2306403536","https://openalex.org/W2309911352","https://openalex.org/W2335321385","https://openalex.org/W2340287692","https://openalex.org/W2344132055","https://openalex.org/W2407890616","https://openalex.org/W2479608155","https://openalex.org/W2485485890","https://openalex.org/W2505476681","https://openalex.org/W2511621414","https://openalex.org/W2515058562","https://openalex.org/W2522231256","https://openalex.org/W2532779593","https://openalex.org/W2533296234","https://openalex.org/W2541574374","https://openalex.org/W2543515305","https://openalex.org/W2544190881","https://openalex.org/W2547485724","https://openalex.org/W2548102647","https://openalex.org/W2548966991","https://openalex.org/W2551461594","https://openalex.org/W2554871994","https://openalex.org/W2563503949","https://openalex.org/W2570032201","https://openalex.org/W2572881587","https://openalex.org/W2579979794","https://openalex.org/W2586251925","https://openalex.org/W2586360473","https://openalex.org/W2592249643","https://openalex.org/W2726882067","https://openalex.org/W2735379138","https://openalex.org/W2736851525","https://openalex.org/W2739083831","https://openalex.org/W2742256791","https://openalex.org/W2800583973","https://openalex.org/W2912548029","https://openalex.org/W2947356104","https://openalex.org/W2963334768","https://openalex.org/W2972149889","https://openalex.org/W2985603415","https://openalex.org/W3008142037","https://openalex.org/W3094461962","https://openalex.org/W3120610010","https://openalex.org/W3128748902","https://openalex.org/W3139276427","https://openalex.org/W3205049156","https://openalex.org/W3210684796","https://openalex.org/W4206406836","https://openalex.org/W4213224376","https://openalex.org/W4246401243","https://openalex.org/W4249068255","https://openalex.org/W4253469688","https://openalex.org/W4300628309","https://openalex.org/W4319081837","https://openalex.org/W4393120782","https://openalex.org/W7064837610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6902294838","https://openalex.org/W3216078104","https://openalex.org/W4386883834","https://openalex.org/W2588364161","https://openalex.org/W4399997050","https://openalex.org/W1537511514","https://openalex.org/W3120610010","https://openalex.org/W1970983786","https://openalex.org/W4402574972","https://openalex.org/W2037830386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,74,156],"article":[1],"provides":[2,159],"a":[3,28,160,184],"comprehensive":[4,157],"review":[5,158],"of":[6,22,51,71,80,151,163,166],"optimal":[7,140,149],"relay":[8,47,141],"coordination":[9,99,121],"(ORC)":[10],"in":[11,53,59,168,171,190,200],"distribution":[12],"networks":[13],"(DNs)":[14],"that":[15],"include":[16],"distributed":[17],"generators":[18],"(DGs).":[19],"The":[20,49],"integration":[21],"DGs":[23,52,81],"into":[24,83],"DNs":[25,54],"has":[26],"become":[27],"real":[29],"challenge":[30],"for":[31,94,187],"power":[32,37],"system":[33],"protection,":[34],"as":[35,101,103],"the":[36,46,60,72,78,86,96,148,164,191],"flow":[38],"changes":[39,56],"from":[40],"unidirectional":[41],"to":[42,63,118,125,138,143,196],"bidirectional,":[43],"which":[44],"complicates":[45],"settings.":[48],"introduction":[50],"requires":[55],"and":[57,69,112,130,180],"modifications":[58],"protective":[61,89],"schemes":[62],"maintain":[64],"proper":[65],"operation,":[66],"reliability,":[67],"stability,":[68],"security":[70],"system.":[73],"paper":[75],"focuses":[76],"on":[77,88],"impacts":[79],"penetration":[82],"DNs,":[84],"including":[85],"effects":[87],"scheme":[90],"coordination.":[91],"Various":[92],"expressions":[93],"characterizing":[95],"overcurrent":[97],"(OC)":[98],"problem,":[100],"well":[102],"related":[104],"solution":[105],"attempts,":[106],"are":[107,114],"discussed.":[108],"Several":[109],"optimization":[110,122],"strategies":[111],"techniques":[113],"suggested":[115],"by":[116,146],"scientists":[117],"deal":[119],"with":[120,174],"problems":[123,199],"aiming":[124],"achieve":[126,144],"less":[127],"computation":[128],"time":[129],"better":[131],"accuracy.":[132],"All":[133],"these":[134],"efforts":[135],"ultimately":[136],"aim":[137,195],"define":[139],"settings":[142],"ORC":[145,198],"generating":[147],"setting":[150],"cascading":[152],"relative":[153],"OC":[154],"relays.":[155],"broad":[161],"overview":[162],"contributions":[165],"scholars":[167],"recent":[169],"publications":[170],"this":[172],"field,":[173],"more":[175],"than":[176],"210":[177],"articles":[178],"reviewed":[179],"analyzed.":[181],"It":[182],"is":[183],"valuable":[185],"resource":[186],"other":[188],"researchers":[189],"same":[192],"field":[193],"who":[194],"tackle":[197],"their":[201],"future":[202],"endeavors.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-29T00:00:00"}