{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367292853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","title":"Context awareness based Sketch-DeepNet architecture for hand-drawn sketches classification and recognition in AIoT","display_name":"Context awareness based Sketch-DeepNet architecture for hand-drawn sketches classification and recognition in AIoT","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367292853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37346539","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10280188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080262652","display_name":"Safdar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-8655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-8655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safdar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-8655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072055887","display_name":"Nouraiz Aslam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouraiz Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004507358","display_name":"Do\u2010Hyeun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-2301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-2301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DoHyeun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085751201","display_name":"Asad Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-8023","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-8023"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068597424","display_name":"Sania Tufail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-8285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-8285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sania Tufail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-8285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Beenish Azhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beenish Azhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004507358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":0.5157,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57278204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"e1186","last_page":"e1186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.14229999482631683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.06949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"sketch recognition","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-drawn-sketches","display_name":"hand-drawn sketches","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-classification","display_name":"sketch classification","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network-architecture","display_name":"convolutional neural network architecture","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-awareness","display_name":"context awareness","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aiot","display_name":"AIoT","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-interaction","display_name":"human-computer interaction","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930411100387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7202662229537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.6974328756332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6589337587356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.6110538244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.5186254382133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4665657579898834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.447520911693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.42921021580696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.4186377227306366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.41142192482948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.38083699345588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3710217773914337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2738373577594757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.08039814233779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10280188","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10280188","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10280188/pdf/peerj-cs-09-1186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Comput Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37346539","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37346539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ. Computer science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8c5694291c54b79a48987d70cd11f82","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8c5694291c54b79a48987d70cd11f82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 9, p e1186 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/b6ssa-wq929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/b6ssa-wq929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/b6ssa-wq929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/r5pgr-5ne25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/r5pgr-5ne25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/r5pgr-5ne25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075622280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-0-00980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367292853.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367292853.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W222441047","https://openalex.org/W1503798456","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1972420097","https://openalex.org/W1976664910","https://openalex.org/W2029538739","https://openalex.org/W2044097773","https://openalex.org/W2048568806","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2083118758","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2144502914","https://openalex.org/W2149684865","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153404544","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2158096215","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2417429787","https://openalex.org/W2466618734","https://openalex.org/W2471581439","https://openalex.org/W2493181180","https://openalex.org/W2576828326","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2762994800","https://openalex.org/W2781749799","https://openalex.org/W2906811850","https://openalex.org/W2908555969","https://openalex.org/W2942764422","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3016763241","https://openalex.org/W3046488056","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3150584131","https://openalex.org/W4205821171","https://openalex.org/W6762079922","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2977278206","https://openalex.org/W2619569710","https://openalex.org/W2493181180","https://openalex.org/W2255259862","https://openalex.org/W2549858052","https://openalex.org/W2590903525","https://openalex.org/W222441047","https://openalex.org/W7098253233","https://openalex.org/W1503798456","https://openalex.org/W7162837861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"sketch":[1,29,225,258,285],"is":[2,45,196,201,240],"a":[3,19,28,46,98,248],"black-and-white,":[4],"2-D":[5],"graphical":[6],"representation":[7],"of":[8,60,68,102,117,160,214,282,317],"an":[9],"object":[10,171],"and":[11,30,35,40,56,74,91,112,131,136,141,153,180,203,313],"contains":[12],"fewer":[13,23],"visual":[14],"details":[15],"as":[16,72,178,294],"compared":[17,295],"to":[18,51,83,96,144,156,296],"colored":[20],"image.":[21],"Despite":[22],"details,":[24],"humans":[25],"can":[26,107],"recognize":[27,52,84,109],"its":[31],"context":[32,58,116],"very":[33],"efficiently":[34],"consistently":[36],"across":[37],"languages,":[38],"cultures,":[39],"age":[41],"groups,":[42],"but":[43,232],"it":[44,78],"difficult":[47],"task":[48],"for":[49,190,210,224,243,256,269],"computers":[50],"such":[53,71,177],"low-detail":[54],"sketches":[55,87,111,192,205],"get":[57],"out":[59,189],"them.":[61],"With":[62],"the":[63,110,115,157,183,198,207,230,233,257,266,276,280,283,320],"tremendous":[64],"increase":[65],"in":[66,88,94,206,229],"popularity":[67],"IoT":[69],"devices":[70],"smartphones":[73],"smart":[75],"cameras,":[76],"etc.,":[77],"has":[79],"become":[80],"more":[81],"critical":[82],"free":[85],"hand-drawn":[86,191],"computer":[89],"vision":[90],"human-computer":[92],"interaction":[93],"order":[95],"build":[97],"successful":[99],"artificial":[100],"intelligence":[101],"things":[103],"(AIoT)":[104],"system":[105],"that":[106,197,275],"first":[108],"then":[113],"understand":[114],"multiple":[118],"drawings.":[119],"Earlier":[120],"models":[121,150,298],"which":[122],"addressed":[123],"this":[124,146],"problem":[125],"are":[126,151,235],"scale-invariant":[127,142],"feature":[128],"transform":[129],"(SIFT)":[130],"bag-of-words":[132],"(BoW).":[133],"Both":[134],"SIFT":[135],"BoW":[137],"used":[138,265],"hand-crafted":[139],"features":[140,161],"algorithms":[143],"address":[145],"issue.":[147],"But":[148],"these":[149],"complex":[152],"time-consuming":[154],"due":[155],"manual":[158],"process":[159],"setup.":[162],"The":[163,194,261,271,288],"deep":[164,221],"neural":[165,250],"networks":[166],"(DNNs)":[167],"performed":[168],"well":[169],"with":[170],"recognition":[172,226,259,315],"on":[173,319],"many":[174],"large-scale":[175],"datasets":[176],"ImageNet":[179],"CIFAR-10.":[181],"However,":[182],"DDN":[184],"approach":[185],"cannot":[186],"be":[187],"carried":[188],"problems.":[193],"reason":[195],"data":[199],"source":[200],"images,":[202],"all":[204],"images":[208],"are,":[209],"example,":[211],"\u2018birds\u2019":[212],"instead":[213],"their":[215],"specific":[216],"category":[217],"(e.g.,":[218],"\u2018sparrow\u2019).":[219],"Some":[220],"learning":[222],"approaches":[223],"problems":[227],"exist":[228],"literature,":[231],"results":[234,273],"not":[236],"promising":[237],"because":[238],"there":[239],"still":[241],"room":[242],"improvement.":[244],"This":[245],"article":[246],"proposed":[247,262,277,289],"convolutional":[249],"network":[251],"(CNN)":[252],"architecture":[253,264],"called":[254],"Sketch-DeepNet":[255,263],"task.":[260],"TU-Berlin":[267,321],"dataset":[268],"classification.":[270],"experimental":[272],"show":[274],"method":[278],"beats":[279],"performance":[281],"state-of-the-art":[284],"classification":[286],"methods.":[287],"model":[290],"achieved":[291],"95.05%":[292],"accuracy":[293,316],"existing":[297],"DeformNet":[299],"(62.6%),":[300],"Sketch-DNN":[301],"(72.2%),":[302],"Sketch-a-Net":[303],"(77.95%),":[304],"SketchNet":[305],"(80.42%),":[306],"Thinning-DNN":[307],"(74.3%),":[308],"CNN-PCA-SVM":[309],"(72.5%),":[310],"Hybrid-CNN":[311],"(84.42%),":[312],"human":[314],"73%":[318],"dataset.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-29T00:00:00"}