{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366991572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","title":"Fetal brain activity and the free energy principle","display_name":"Fetal brain activity and the free energy principle","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366991572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61009040","display_name":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine","issn_l":"0300-5577","issn":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043877153","display_name":"Yasunari Miyagi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-033X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-033X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yasunari Miyagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gynecology , Miyake Ofuku Clinic , Okayama , Japan","Medical Data Labo , Okayama , Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-033X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gynecology , Miyake Ofuku Clinic , Okayama , Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Data Labo , Okayama , Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077964650","display_name":"Toshiyuki Hata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8835-8554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8835-8554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiyuki Hata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Miyake Clinic , Okayama , Japan","Department of Perinatology and Gynecology , Kagawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kagawa , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Miyake Clinic , Okayama , Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology , Kagawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kagawa , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032846298","display_name":"Takahito M. Miyake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-3220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-3220"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahito Miyake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gynecology , Miyake Ofuku Clinic , Okayama , Japan","Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Miyake Clinic , Okayama , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gynecology , Miyake Ofuku Clinic , Okayama , Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Miyake Clinic , Okayama , Japan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043877153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2163},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63277303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"7","first_page":"925","last_page":"931"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.21060000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.21060000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.09290000051259995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.08470000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-brain-activity","display_name":"fetal brain activity","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-energy-principle","display_name":"free energy principle","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-consciousness","display_name":"fetal consciousness","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-facial-expressions","display_name":"fetal facial expressions","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-brain-development","display_name":"fetal brain development","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-ultrasound","display_name":"prenatal ultrasound","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-classification","display_name":"artificial intelligence classification","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.6478103995323181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.5602023601531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5487854480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110601934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172849","display_name":"Correlation dimension","level":4,"score":0.4207894802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.389530211687088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3751603960990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.21809834241867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26546657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412452","display_name":"Fractal dimension","level":3,"score":0.1625925898551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16097459197044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15428513288497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1133609414100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005324","descriptor_name":"Fetal Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005333","descriptor_name":"Fetus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016216","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography, Prenatal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61009040","display_name":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine","issn_l":"0300-5577","issn":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37096665","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of perinatal medicine","raw_type":"Observational Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107619411","https://openalex.org/W1964368703","https://openalex.org/W2033750748","https://openalex.org/W2045941610","https://openalex.org/W2056651346","https://openalex.org/W2129187756","https://openalex.org/W2130195834","https://openalex.org/W2137411342","https://openalex.org/W2139364442","https://openalex.org/W2147008239","https://openalex.org/W2157376352","https://openalex.org/W2161168724","https://openalex.org/W2508386341","https://openalex.org/W2580770298","https://openalex.org/W2802036381","https://openalex.org/W2898713420","https://openalex.org/W2899430488","https://openalex.org/W2977737202","https://openalex.org/W3126365686","https://openalex.org/W3148918439","https://openalex.org/W3202366086","https://openalex.org/W4205386412","https://openalex.org/W4232698289","https://openalex.org/W4308688000","https://openalex.org/W4311029719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308688000","https://openalex.org/W4286744272","https://openalex.org/W3202366086","https://openalex.org/W3163439715","https://openalex.org/W4245548541","https://openalex.org/W3126365686","https://openalex.org/W4211032138","https://openalex.org/W7204766252","https://openalex.org/W2580770298","https://openalex.org/W4403717104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"To":[1],"study":[2],"whether":[3],"the":[4,14,80,96,100,108,121,146,172,177,191],"free":[5,109,167,183],"energy":[6,110,168,184],"principle":[7],"can":[8],"explain":[9],"fetal":[10,17,43,65,74],"brain":[11,75,154],"activity":[12],"and":[13,54,103,106,132,150,166],"existence":[15],"of":[16,42,50,85,135,153],"consciousness":[18,186],"via":[19],"a":[20,34,126,159],"chaotic":[21,97,122,142,164],"dimension":[22,143,165],"derived":[23],"using":[24],"artificial":[25,60],"intelligence.":[26],"METHODS:":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"observational":[30],"study,":[31],"we":[32,104],"used":[33,125],"four-dimensional":[35],"ultrasound":[36],"technique":[37],"obtained":[38],"to":[39,71,73,82,88,117,120,188],"collect":[40],"images":[41,87],"faces":[44],"from":[45,99],"pregnancies":[46],"at":[47,158],"27-37":[48],"weeks":[49],"gestation,":[51],"between":[52],"February":[53],"December":[55],"2021.":[56],"We":[57,77,94,124],"developed":[58],"an":[59],"intelligence":[61],"classifier":[62,81],"that":[63,114,145],"recognizes":[64],"facial":[66,86],"expressions,":[67],"which":[68,156],"are":[69],"thought":[70],"relate":[72],"activity.":[76],"then":[78],"applied":[79],"video":[83],"files":[84],"generate":[89],"each":[90],"expression":[91],"category's":[92],"probabilities.":[93],"calculated":[95],"dimensions":[98],"probability":[101],"lists,":[102],"created":[105],"investigated":[107],"principle's":[111],"mathematical":[112],"model":[113],"was":[115],"assumed":[116],"be":[118],"linked":[119],"dimension.":[123],"Mann-Whitney":[127],"test,":[128,131],"linear":[129],"regression":[130],"one-way":[133],"analysis":[134],"variance":[136],"for":[137],"statistical":[138],"analysis.":[139],"RESULTS:":[140],"The":[141,163,181],"revealed":[144],"fetus":[147,192],"had":[148],"dense":[149,178],"sparse":[151,173],"states":[152],"activity,":[155],"fluctuated":[157],"statistically":[160],"significant":[161],"level.":[162],"were":[169],"larger":[170],"in":[171,176,190],"state":[174],"than":[175],"state.":[179],"CONCLUSIONS:":[180],"fluctuating":[182],"suggests":[185],"seemed":[187],"exist":[189],"after":[193],"27":[194],"weeks.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-27T00:00:00"}