{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366602412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","title":"Changes in the length of speeches in the plays of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries: A mixed models approach","display_name":"Changes in the length of speeches in the plays of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries: A mixed models approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366602412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37083841","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10121026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282716&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282716&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078761899","display_name":"Kim Colyvas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-760X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-760X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim Colyvas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-760X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041206900","display_name":"Gabriel Egan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0026-5813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0026-5813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Egan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities and Performing Arts, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities and Performing Arts, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001336086","display_name":"Hugh Craig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-1678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-1678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hugh Craig","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities, Creative Industries, and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-1678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities, Creative Industries, and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001336086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":{"value":1805,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1805},"apc_paid":{"value":1805,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1805},"fwci":9.9204,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97358731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"e0282716","last_page":"e0282716"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14469","display_name":"Renaissance Literature and Culture","score":0.5321999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14469","display_name":"Renaissance Literature and Culture","score":0.5321999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.2939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12912","display_name":"Shakespeare, Adaptation, and Literary Criticism","score":0.0723000019788742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/william-shakespeare","display_name":"Shakespeare","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elizabethan-and-jacobean-drama","display_name":"Elizabethan and Jacobean drama","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-length","display_name":"speech length","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blank-verse","display_name":"blank verse","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-linguistics-of-english","display_name":"historical linguistics of English","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorship-attribution","display_name":"authorship attribution","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dramatic-genre","display_name":"dramatic genre","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theatre-companies","display_name":"theatre companies","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-mixed-models","display_name":"linear mixed models","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3254355490207672}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001319","descriptor_name":"Authorship","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004324","descriptor_name":"Drama","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008513","descriptor_name":"Medicine in Literature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282716&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10121026","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10121026","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10121026/pdf/pone.0282716.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37083841","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37083841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pone00:0282716","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b5f80fcc3064cb188c2aef4290bf539","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b5f80fcc3064cb188c2aef4290bf539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 4, p e0282716 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/22703","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/87790e11-f359-4f19-a2a6-500fdca20a0c/download","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28974473","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Changes_in_the_length_of_speeches_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare_and_his_contemporaries_A_mixed_models_approach/28974473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:uon:51056","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1483013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196471","display_name":"NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","host_organization_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282716","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282716&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3665460608","display_name":"Shakespeare's Early Editions: Computational Methods for Textual Studies","funder_award_id":"AH/N007654/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","funder_display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6026494156","display_name":"Folio Shakespeare texts and their Quarto and Octavo antecedents","funder_award_id":"DP160101527","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0505m1554"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366602412.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366602412.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W382822546","https://openalex.org/W411556932","https://openalex.org/W632930135","https://openalex.org/W657940356","https://openalex.org/W1483442422","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1967838018","https://openalex.org/W1989930058","https://openalex.org/W1999978388","https://openalex.org/W2085289178","https://openalex.org/W2093585241","https://openalex.org/W2158196600","https://openalex.org/W2323244338","https://openalex.org/W2478699859","https://openalex.org/W2504408788","https://openalex.org/W2573248684","https://openalex.org/W2594354865","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2951692132","https://openalex.org/W2956003207","https://openalex.org/W2966714955","https://openalex.org/W2973435460","https://openalex.org/W2982261612","https://openalex.org/W3080765628","https://openalex.org/W4210954014","https://openalex.org/W4230556618","https://openalex.org/W4230557385","https://openalex.org/W4232091113","https://openalex.org/W4241233808","https://openalex.org/W4255862684","https://openalex.org/W4255868647","https://openalex.org/W4302589323","https://openalex.org/W6724764958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283381115","https://openalex.org/W2951692132","https://openalex.org/W1967838018","https://openalex.org/W1989930058","https://openalex.org/W2018020626","https://openalex.org/W2490250541","https://openalex.org/W7100220404","https://openalex.org/W2110525953","https://openalex.org/W4392429423","https://openalex.org/W1999047413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"2007":[1],"a":[2,26,55,120,171,219,233,251,256],"number":[3],"of":[4,14,39,47,57,73,108,117,170,205,218,232,246,261,279,293,295],"investigators":[5],"have":[6],"compiled":[7],"statistics":[8],"on":[9,25,237],"the":[10,45,61,71,100,115,124,168,188,198,203,206,209,223,238,247,259,266,276,283,291],"length":[11,169],"in":[12,16,44,50,60,76,119,158,183,213,222,282],"words":[13,82,85],"speeches":[15,30,193],"plays":[17,78,91,133,138,147,224],"by":[18],"William":[19],"Shakespeare":[20,296],"and":[21,53,88,114,142,145,163,186,208,227,229,297],"his":[22,298],"contemporaries,":[23],"focusing":[24],"change":[27,105,190,212,289],"to":[28,83,191,255,265,290],"shorter":[29],"around":[31,86],"1600.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,58,93,104,280,288],"article":[35,284],"we":[36],"take":[37],"account":[38],"several":[40],"potentially":[41],"confounding":[42],"factors":[43],"variation":[46,59,281],"speech":[48,74,159,184,214,262],"lengths":[49,75,215,263],"these":[51],"works":[52],"present":[54],"model":[56],"period":[62],"1538-1642":[63],"through":[64,202],"Linear":[65],"Mixed":[66],"Models.":[67],"We":[68,97],"confirm":[69],"that":[70,89,103,123,151,167,187,275],"mode":[72],"English":[77],"changed":[79],"from":[80],"nine":[81],"four":[84],"1600,":[87],"Shakespeare's":[90],"fit":[92],"wider":[94],"pattern":[95],"closely.":[96],"establish":[98],"for":[99,258],"first":[101],"time:":[102],"is":[106,179,200,216,230],"independent":[107],"authorship,":[109],"dramatic":[110],"genre,":[111],"theatrical":[112],"company,":[113],"proportion":[116],"verse":[118,174],"play's":[121],"dialogue;":[122],"chosen":[125],"time":[126],"span":[127],"can":[128],"be":[129],"segmented":[130],"into":[131],"pre-1597":[132],"(with":[134,139,148],"high":[135,141],"modes),":[136,144],"1597-1602":[137],"mixed":[140],"low":[143,149],"post-1602":[146],"modes);":[150],"some":[152],"additional":[153],"secondary":[154],"modes":[155],"are":[156],"evident":[157],"lengths,":[160],"at":[161],"16":[162],"24":[164],"words,":[165],"suggesting":[166],"standard":[172],"blank":[173],"line":[175],"(around":[176],"8":[177],"words)":[178],"an":[180],"underlying":[181],"unit":[182],"length;":[185],"general":[189],"short":[192],"also":[194],"holds":[195],"true":[196],"when":[197],"data":[199],"viewed":[201],"perspective":[204],"median":[207],"mean.":[210],"The":[211,272],"part":[217],"collective":[220],"drift":[221],"towards":[225],"liveliness":[226],"verisimilitude":[228],"evidence":[231],"hitherto":[234],"hidden":[235],"constraint":[236],"playwrights:":[239],"whether":[240],"or":[241],"not":[242],"they":[243,268],"were":[244,253,269],"aware":[245],"fact,":[248],"playwrights":[249],"as":[250],"group":[252],"conforming":[254],"structure":[257],"distribution":[260],"peculiar":[264],"era":[267],"writing":[270],"in.":[271],"authors":[273],"hope":[274],"full":[277],"modelling":[278],"will":[285],"help":[286],"bring":[287],"attention":[292],"scholars":[294],"contemporaries.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-23T00:00:00"}